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Nation Building & Reform

Nation Building & Reform. Imperial Russia. Crimean War defeat pushes Alex II Reforms emancipation of serfs - Edict March 3, 1861 “ better to abolish from above than below ” Serfs given land (not the best) expected to pay back 1864 zemstvos - local assemblies

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Nation Building & Reform

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  1. Nation Building & Reform

  2. Imperial Russia • Crimean War defeat pushes Alex II Reforms • emancipation of serfs - Edict March 3, 1861 • “better to abolish from above than below” • Serfs given land (not the best) expected to pay back • 1864 zemstvos - local assemblies • property based elections favor wealthy

  3. Imperial Russia • 1864 - legal reform judicial code - equality before law • Populism movement - wanted greater reform • People’s Will, radical group - assassinated Alex II 1881 • son Alex III - reactionary

  4. Russia • Alexander III - reactionary • secret police expanded, social reform/trade unions persecuted • Russification - Russian language in all schools, pogroms - organized violence against jews • Alex III dies in 1894 - son Nicholas II weak • tried to follow father’s policies

  5. Russia • Nicholas II increased father’s push for ind • Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903 • encouraged foreign capital to build factories • 35,000 miles of rail lines including 5,000 mile Trans-Siberian

  6. Russia • 1898 Social Democratic Party underground • growing nationalism among Poles and Ukranians - not happy w/ conditions and russification • Russian territorial expansion brought into contact w/ Japan - humiliating defeat in Ruso-Japanese War 1904

  7. Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905 • Growing discontent group of workers petition to Winter Palace St. Petersburg Jan 9, 1905 • troops fire on crowd killing hundreds • workers strike and riots through October • October Manifesto - Nich II granted civil liberties and agreed to establish Duma • By 1907 dismissed Duma & returned to authoritarian rule through army and bureaucracy

  8. Germany • Reichstag - universal male suffrage but no ministerial responsibility • 2 barriers to real democracy: army & Biz • Germany Army - defenders of monarchy and aristocracy - officers Junkers • Biz - serves as chancellor til 1890

  9. Biz - domestic policies • kulturkampf - attack on Catholics - distrusted loyalty to new Germany: closed seminaries, abolished religious orders • priests ignored, jailed, paid fines - growing Catholic party • shifts policy 1878 - economic problems needs growing Catholic party to stop growing socialist party SPD antinationalistic, anticapitalistic, antimonarchial

  10. Persecution of SPD - welfare state • 1878 Biz pushed laws banning SPD meetings/publications • Tries to woo socialists w/ socialism • sickness, accident, disability benefits and social security system • Failed to slow growth of socialists * remember largest party by eve of WWI • Biz planned more restrictive measures but canned by William II 1890

  11. William II • reversed policies of outlawing socialism to win over workers - no more success than Biz • Industrialization led to expansion of SPD but less revolutionary more revisionist • William II turns to active foreign policy - expansionism to divert from democratization

  12. 3rd Republic France • After defeat of Nap III 1870 - Biz forces elections on universal male suffrage • French elect a monarchist majority to NA • 1871 radical republicans form Commune • Apr 1871 fighting breaks out in Paris • 20,000 killed another 10,000 deported

  13. 3rd Republic cont. • NA could not agree on who to select as king • 1875 - constitution republican form of gov • 76/77 elections add more republicans • 1889 avoids Boulanger Crisis • strengthens support for republicans

  14. Dreyfus Affair • Jewish Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed by royalist officers • declared guilty of selling military docs to Germany - life in prison • 1906 exonerated - turns out it was a Catholic • Effects - move to more democratic society • Break from Catholic Church - religious orders leave • Monarchist officers removed from army • anti-Semitism discredited • Gained support for republicanism

  15. GB: Victorian Age • had not experienced rev troubles of 1848 • Reform Act of 1832 opened politics to middle class • real wages increase 25% from 1850-70 • stable monarch Queen Vic 1837-1901 • era of political compromising between 2 parties

  16. Disraeli & Gladstone • Whigs (now called Liberals) • Responsible for Reform Act of 1832 • William Gladstone • Tories (now called Conservatives) • would be responsible for Act of 1867 • Benjamin Disraeli

  17. Disraeli & Reform Act of 1867 • Act of 1867 lowered monetary requirements for voting - enfranchised male urban workers • Backfires on Disraeli - liberal victories 1868 • brings Gladstone in as PM • both parties must take into account workers

  18. Liberal Policies of Gladstone 1868-1874 • competitive civil service exams rather than patronage • Purchase of military officer’s commission abolished • secret ballot for voting • Ed Act of 1870 - gov responsible for elementary schools for all children

  19. Disraeli & Conservatives 1874-1880 • Pubic Health Act - duty of states to interfere w/ private property to protect health • Artisan Dwelling Act - gov provided housing for working class • Gladstone reelected in 1880

  20. 2nd Ministry of Gladstone 1880-85 • Reform Act of 1884 vote to all men paid rents or taxes - 2 million more voters • Home Rule & Irish Question: • 1801 Act of Union • 1860s Irish push for independence • 1886 Gladstone home rule bill voted down • Irish Question put off by WWI

  21. Liberalism - welfare state • David Lloyd George - People’s Budget • National Insurance Act of 1911 - sickness and unemployment benefits • Legislation - pension for retirees - programs to be paid for by increase tax on wealthy - redistribution of wealth • Liberals abandoned laissez-faire for social programs steps towards future British welfare state

  22. Austrian Empire • Emancipation of serfs only lasting effect of 1848 Revolt - return to autocratic rule • Industrialization - working class combined w/ defeat in Austro-Prussian War - changes • forced to deal w/ Hungarian nationalists • Ausgleich - Compromise of 1867 - Dual Monarchy • did not satisfy other minority nationalities

  23. Austria-Hungary • Nationalistic minority groups still a problem • ethnic Germans only 1/3 of pop in Austria Czechs, Poles & other slavs want change • Emperor Francis Joseph and Catholic Church unifying factors holding empire together

  24. A-H • Universal male suffrage in Austria 1907 only fans the fire - prime ministers ignore parliament • Magyars in Hungary push for separation 1903, Francis Joseph threatens to grant universal male suffrage in Hungary - Hungary falls in line

  25. Spain & Italy • Sp - Parliamentary gov dominated by wealthy • Generation of 1898 for pol/social reform • w/ ind. more attracted to socialism & anarchism • military crushes violence 1909 Barcelona - tough to mess w/ tradition: Catholic, landowners, army • IT - united geographically 1870 but loyal to family, town, region • sectional diff: Ind - N Ag - S, CC not accept Italy

  26. Socialism and 2nd IR

  27. Influence of Marx • Industrialization on continent picks up 1850-1870 • workers & trade unions not able to combat factory owners • Influence of Marx in 1870s = formation of socialist parties and socialist trade unions

  28. Marx • Publication of The Communist Manifesto 1848 • Marx Ideas - class struggle throughout history “the working men have no country” • Radical, revolutionary overthrow of gov • proletariat would reorganize means of production • classless society would emerge

  29. Marx cont. • Also wrote Das Kapital - critique on the capitalist economic model • spent the latter years of his life helping organize the International Working Men’s Association or “First International” • would fail in 1872, brought back 1889

  30. “La Belle Epoque” • Beautiful Era or Golden Age 1895-WWI • Peace in Europe • New technology and scientific discoveries • Economic prosperity World’s Fair Paris 1900

  31. 2nd IR • 2nd IR 1870-20th century • 1st IR - dominated by GB and focused on textiles, railroads, iron & coal • 2nd IR - Germany would lead the way focus on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil

  32. Advances Made • lightbulb, telephone, radio, internal combustion engine give way to car and plane, assembly line production • Rise in wages - europeans could spend more - consumer economy - department store, leisure spending

  33. European Economic Zones • Western Europe and N. Italy industrialized while areas S and E little industry • Set pattern for modern European economic model - affects seen in post WWII

  34. Increase In Industry on Continent = socialism • trade unions had been restricted across Europe until 1860s - had little impact helping workers • German Social Democratic Party (SPD) forms 1875 • Wilhelm Liebkecht & August Bebel • Marxist in rhetoric but organized politically • 1890 SPD 35 seats in Reichstag, 1912 largest party in Germany

  35. Evolution of Socialism • Bizmark tried to persecute and stop socialism in Germany but no luck • Socialist parties would emerge across Europe end of 19th c - in Russia 1898 • 1889 Second International - May Day (May 1)

  36. Revisionism • Challenge to orthodox Marxisism • Eduard Bernstein - influenced by moderate English socialism (Fabian Socialism) • Evolutionary Socialism - capitalism had not broke down • must continue to use democratic means not rev.

  37. Problems for Socialism • Nationalism - Marx underestimated difference of local issues and loyalty to state on eve of WWI • Trade Unions - slow to grow but by WWI 3-4 million Brits, 3 million in Germany - strikes and collective bargaining was working • As Marxism became less radical - drove some to anarchism - less ind and less democratic countries

  38. Age of Mass Politics

  39. How to deal w/ lower class? • Extension of voting rights, better standard of living as real wages increased • Achievements of science and tech had improved transportation and communication • Changing family dynamic, leisure time, recreation = mass society

  40. Women & Mass Politics • 1840s & 50s beginning of women’s rights • Liberal Millicent Fawcett - pushed for democratic means of reform • Emmeline Pankhurst & daughters (Christabel and Sylvia) Women’s Social & Political Union 1903 • radicals labeled “suffragettes” - chained to lampposts, egged officials, smashed windows of department stores

  41. Women’s Movement • 1913 Emily Davison martyred at Epsom Derby • Only Finland, Norway and few Am states granted women vote before 1914 • gain traction after WWI

  42. Jews & Mass Politics • Since Middle Ages had been quartered off in ghettos • By 1867 Jews granted citizenship across Europe • End of 19th C, Jews become scapegoat again • increase in anti-Semitism esp. Aus, Ger, Rus • Vienna mayor Karl Lueger blamed Jews for corruption of German Culture - Adolph Hitler • Russia - pogroms - massacre and forced migration of hundreds of thousands of Jews - calls for zionist movement

  43. Imperialism

  44. Old vs New • Old Imperialism - Result of Commercial Revolution 16th - 18th c • Trade routes - settlements - rule • New Imperialism - Result of Ind Rev 1870-1914 • cheap raw materials - markets for goods - exploit

  45. Causes • Nationalism - glorify state, divert attention from democratic reform • Racism - belief 1 race superior to another • Social Darwinism - survival of fittest • Religious - “white man’s burden” to civilize backwards cultures • Economic - tin, oil, rubber

  46. Enabling Forces • External & Internal forces allowed European conquest of Africa & Asia • External - weapons, railroads/steamships, cure for diseases • Internal - variety of cultures/languages, low tech., ethnic strife

  47. Scramble For Africa • Early 1800s GB had begun establishing control Cape Colony S. Africa • French Company completed Suez Canal 1869 • British take over occupation of Egypt 1882 • Belgians explore and claim Congo 1876 • French & Germans begin scramble

  48. Berlin Conference 1885 • European powers meet to set guidelines for partitioning of Africa • notify claims and prove could control area • treat Africans humanely - yeah right • British violate by chasing Dutch out of S. Africa - Boer War - significance - continental powers seek alliances

  49. Imperialism In 34 Years 1880 1914

  50. Asia • India - British dominated economic life through BEIC since 1600s “Jewel of the Crown” • Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 leads to direct control - Raj • SE Asia - dominated by France through local elites and economic dependence • 1880s - Union of Indochina - later Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

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