Anatomical Terminology

1. Anatomical Terminology Ch 1

2. Anatomical Scale

3. Scale of Anatomy • Microscopic anatomy • Cytology • Histology • Gross anatomy • Surface anatomy • Regional anatomy • Systemic anatomy

4. Microscopic Anatomy • Study of structures visible only with the aid of magnification • Structures less than 1mm • Study limited by technology • Two main categories • Cytology • Histology

5. Microscopic Anatomy

6. Cytology • Studies the internal structure of individual cells • Cyto= “cell” ology= “study of” • “unit of Life” • 50-100 trillion cells in the body

7. Histology • Study of structure & organization of groups of cells aka tissues • Tissue= groups of organized specialized cells that perform similar functions

8. Gross Anatomy • Aka macroscopic anatomy • Study of structures visible without a microscope • Three main types • Surface anatomy • Regional anatomy • Systemic anatomy

9. Surface Anatomy • Study of the body using superficial anatomical markings

10. Regional Anatomy • Study structure of specific body regions • Incorporates superficial and internal features • Emphasizes relationships between structures • Ex. Upper extremity

11. Systemic Anatomy • Study structure of major body systems • 11 body systems

12. Integumentary System

13. Skeletal System

14. Muscular System

15. Nervous System

16. Endocrine System

17. Cardiovascular System

18. Respiratory System

19. Digestive System

20. Urinary System

21. Reproductive System

22. Reproductive System

23. Lymphatic System

24. Physiology • Study of the function of anatomical structures • Physical & chemical properties • Cell physiology • Special physiology • System physiology • Pathological physiology

25. Anatomical Terminology • Why is it important? • How are things named? • Anatomical structures- landmarks • Specialized directional terms • Location • Proper nouns

26. Anatomical Terminology • Standard anatomical position • Body regions • Body orientation & direction • Body planes & sections • Body cavities

27. Standard Anatomical Position • Standard body position • Aka “anatomy neutral” • Body standing erect • Head & toes point forward • Arms hanging at sides • Palms face forward

28. Body Positions • Supine • Lying down in the anatomical position with face up • Prone • Lying down in the anatomical position with face down What’s wrong with this picture?

29. Principle Anatomical Regions Martini Table 1-1

30. Posterior Regions

31. Body Orientation & Direction Martini table 1-2

32. Superficial vs Deep

33. Body Planes & Sections • Section= imaginary cut along specific lines (planes) through the body • Body Plane= 3 anatomical planes that lie at right angles • Sagittal • Frontal • Transverse • Oblique

34. Section

35. Section

37. Sagittal Plane • Longitudinal section into left & right halves • Midsagittal down the midline

38. Midline Midsagittal Plane

39. Frontal Plane • Longitudinal section into anterior (front) & posterior (back) halves • Aka coronal

40. Transverse Plane • Horizontal plane divides body into superior (top) & inferior (bottom) halves • Cross sections

42. Body Cavities • Spaces in body that house organs • Protective • Allow change in size without damaging surrounding tissue • Two main categories • Dorsal body cavities • Ventral body cavities

43. Dorsal Body Cavities • Cranial cavity- • made by bones of skull • Spinal cavity- • surrounds spinal cord

44. Ventral Body Cavities • Spaces- cavities • Viscera- organs • Serous membrane- thin layer of tissue lines body cavities & viscera • 3 main body cavities • Thoracic • Abdominal • Pelvic

45. Thoracic Cavity • Bound by chest wall & diaphragm • 3 main internal chambers (subdivisions) • 2 pleural cavities • House lungs • Mediastinum • Houses trachea, esophagus, blood vessels • 1 Pericardial cavity • Houses heart

47. Abdominopelvic Cavity • Abdominal cavity • Aka Peritoneal cavity • Inferior surface of the diaphragm to superior margin of pelvis • Pelvic cavity • Enclosed by bones of pelvis