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Morphology

Morphology. Derivation, Inflection, and Compounding. Derivation: Inflection:. Words combine with affixes to create new words. Derivation vs. Inflection. Words combine with affixes that indicate grammatical categories (tense, plurality, case, etc.). Derivation:. Derivational Morphology.

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Morphology

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  1. Morphology Derivation, Inflection, and Compounding

  2. Derivation: Inflection: Words combine with affixes to create new words. Derivation vs. Inflection Words combine with affixes that indicate grammatical categories (tense, plurality, case, etc.)

  3. Derivation: Derivational Morphology Words combine with affixes to create new words. modern + izemodernize read + able  readable re + activate  reactivate re + do + able  redoable

  4. Derivational Morphology What do derivational affixes do? modern modernize Adjective Verb read readable Verb Adjective activate reactivate Verb Verb

  5. Derivational Morphology • What do derivational affixes do? • Can change the category, but don’t have to.

  6. Derivational Morphology What do derivational affixes do? modern modernize modernize - To make something modern read readable readable - Something that can be read

  7. Derivational Morphology What do derivational affixes do? activate reactivate reactivate - To activate something again

  8. Derivational Morphology • What do derivational affixes do? • Can change the category, but don’t have to. • Contribute to or change the meaning of stem. • Are derivational affixes productive?

  9. Derivational Morphology • Are derivational affixes productive? • -able: • read + able • do + able • laugh + able • drink + able re-: re + do re + analyze re + write re + heat • -ize: • modern + ize national + ize • old + ize ?? royal + ize ?? Latin (French) Anglo-Saxon

  10. Historical Aside: English received an infusion of French words (around 10,000!) after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 AD. The Normans (from Normandy) spoke French, and made French the official language of England for almost 300 years.

  11. Derivational Morphology • What do derivational affixes do? • Can change the category, but don’t have to. • Contribute to or change the meaning of stem. • Are derivational affixes productive? • Some are, some aren’t

  12. Derivational Morphology • Are derivational affixes productive? • un-: • un + do • un + peel • un + pack un + friendly un + usable un + popular un + forest?? un + coke?? un + friend??

  13. Derivational Morphology • Are derivational affixes productive? • re-: • re + do - To do something again • re + write - To write something again • re + heat - To heat something again • I walked this morning. I rewalked this evening?? • I cried. I recried?? • Requires an object!! I rewalked the path.

  14. Derivational Morphology • Are derivational affixes productive? • re-: • I shot the alligator. I reshot the alligator?? • I drank the coke. I redrank the coke?? • I killed the bug. I rekilled the bug?? • Sensitive to state of the object!!

  15. Derivational Morphology • What do derivational affixes do? • Can change the category, but don’t have to. • Contribute to or change the meaning of stem. • Are derivational affixes productive? • Some are, some aren’t • Restricted to particular category of stem • Can be restricted to a particular class (for example, re- only attaches to transitive verbs)

  16. Inflectional Morphology • Inflection: Words combine with affixes that indicate grammatical categories write + swrites girl + s  girls walk + ing  walking Mary + ’s  Mary’s rain + ed  rained

  17. Inflectional Morphology • Inflectional affixes: • Don’t change category • write, writes are both verbs • girl, girls are both nouns • Mark some grammatical category • girl+s s marks the plural • write+s s marks 3rd person, singular • like+d d marks past tense

  18. Inflectional Morphology • Inflectional affixes: • Can mark agreement • he writes s agrees with the subject • *I writes not grammatical • In English, only suffixes

  19. Inflectional Morphology Inflectional affixes: German: schreiben - to write ich schreib+e I write du schreib+st you write er/sie schreib+t he/she writes wir schreib+en we write ihr schreib+t you (pl.) write sie schreib+en they write

  20. Inflectional Morphology Inflectional affixes: Spanish: habl - to speak hablo I am speaking habla he/she is speaking hablamos we are speaking hablan they are speaking hablé I spoke

  21. Inflectional Morphology hablo I am speaking habla he/she is speaking hablamos we are speaking hablan they are speaking hablé I spoke What do the affixes mean? -o -a -amos -an -é 1st person singular present tense 3rd person singular present tense 1st person plural present tense 3rd person plural present tense 1st person singular past tense

  22. Inflectional Morphology Inflectional affixes: Russian: dom - house domá - houses dómy- in the house domóy - on the way to home

  23. Compounding • Process by which new words are formed by joining together other words, forming compounds. land + lord  landlord black + board  blackboard fire + truck  fire truck red + hot  red-hot

  24. Compounding • Not limited to a particular category: noun + noun: bath + room adjective + noun: wild + fire verb + noun: swear + word adjective + adjective: icy + hot noun + adjective: skin + deep

  25. Compounding Hard to classify compounds (common in advertising in English): craftsman-made furniture chocolate-flavored cereal up-to-the-minute styling day-in-day-out protection

  26. Compounding • English not consistent in how compounds are written: blackboard high chair hit-man • Compare to German: ‘Fire and life insurance co.’ Feuerundlebensversicherungsgesellschaft

  27. Compounding • English not consistent in how compounds are written: blackboard high chair hit-man • Compare to German: ‘Fire and life insurance co.’ Feuer + und + lebens + versicherungs + gesellschaft

  28. Compounding • Compounding is a very productive source for new vocabulary in a language: spaceman moon-walk hot tub pothead airhead couch potato dead meat party animal side kick twenty-four seven online Web site Webmaster hyperlink homepage username

  29. Compounding Icelandic: lög ‘law’ lögregla ‘law’+’order’=? ‘police’ lögregluþjonn ‘law’+’order’+’servant’=? ‘policeman’ leyni+lög+reglu+maður ‘secret’+’law’+’order’+’man’=? ‘detective’

  30. Review • Derivation: • Inflection: • Compounding: Words combine with affixes to create new words. Words combine with affixes that indicate grammatical categories (tense, plurality, case, etc.) Process by which new words are formed by joining together other words, forming compounds.

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