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Chapter 2 Government System in the Philippines
1 Governor General VisitadorResidenciaAlcaldeMayor GobernadorcilloCabezade Barangay
Governor General The chief executive in the whole archipelago and the head of military. He had the power of cumplace or the power to choose the law that he implemented.
Visitador Royally appointed official sent periodically in the late Middle Ages to investigate the administration of justice in the towns of the Spanish Kingdom of Castile.
Residencia A court or inquiry held in Spanish countries for a period of 70 days by a specially commissioned judge to examine into the conduct of a retiring high official (as a viceroy, captain general, governor)
Alcalde Mayor Represented the Spanish King and the Governor General in their respective provinces. They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes.
Gobernadorcillo The Gobernadorcillowas a municipal judge or governor in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, who carried out in a town the combined charges or responsibilities of leadership, economic, and judicial administration. The Gobernadorcillowas the leader of a town or pueblo.
Cabeza de Barangay A cabeza de barangay, also known as teniente del barrio, was the leader or chief of a barangay or barrio in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The post was inherited from the first datus who became cabezas de barangay when the many independent barangays became tributary vassals of the Spanish Empire.
Cadiz Constitution of 1812 It mandated transformation of the Spanish Government from Monarchy to the Constitutional Monarch.
The changes made by the adaption of the new constitution brought confusion to the Spanish people and the majority of the population wanted the old system of the government because their perspective in the new system was just a new version of the absolutism government of France.
Social and Political Reformation in Spain is the Rise of: Illustrados Progresistas Carlistas
ILUSTRADOS were the intellectuals who aimed to introduce reform for the development of Spanish civil life and chosen by King Carlos III ,they believed that through education the society could attain reform.
PROGRESISTAS Most of them were freemasons who believed that the hindrance for the attainment of development were the absolutism of monarchy.
CARLISTAS They believed that to attain stability in government and the society the people should follow the tradition and the church .
Political Situation in the Philippines • Constant change of Governor General • End of Domination • Implementation of Liberal Policies
The changes in the government of Spain and the independence of the life of the Filipino. The constant change of governor general in the country became the hindrance of gaining the stability of colonial government in the Philippines which resulted to the failure of implementation of needed reforms in the country.
The end of denomination of the Spain to the Latin Americans resulted to the migration of the Spaniards from the said territory to the Philippines and the posting of incompetent officials in the Spanish Colonial government in the Philippines led to rampant corruption in the government. From 1834- 1862, Spain had adopted four constitutions, elected 28 parliaments. And installed no less than 529 ministers and from 1835 to 1897, the Philippines was ruled by 50 governor – general.
Social Stratification in the Philippines • Peninsulares • Insulares • Creoles • Illustrados • Principalia • Indios
Peninsulares The Peninsulares or the Spaniards who were born in the Spain and settled in the country occupied the highest class in the society and the position in the government.
Insulares Insulares was the specific term given to criollos (full-blooded Spaniards born in the colonies) born in the Philippines or the Marianas. Insulares were part of the second highest racial class in Spanish hierarchy below the peninsulares, or full-blooded Spaniards born in Europe.
Creoles They are the third class or the mixture of the Spanish and native. Under the Creoles was the Illustrados. They are persons of European (mostly French or Spanish) or African descent born in the West Indies or parts of French or Spanish America (and thus naturalized in those regions rather than in the parents' home country).
Illustrados The Illustrados or the well-educated Filipinos because during those times there was no public education so the wealthy Filipinos were the ones who could afford to have an education
Principalia The principalía or noble class was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the pueblos of the Spanish Philippines
Indios The indigenous peoples of the Philippines were referred to as Indios (for those of pure Austronesian descent) and negritos. Indio was a general term applied to native Austronesians as a legal classification; it was only applied to Christianised natives who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies.
1 The wealthy Filipino families were engaged in the International trade. The Lands for Agriculture were controlled by Frias and they increase the rent of land.
Most of the lands intended for agriculture were under the control of the friars, they had the opportunity to increase the rent in the land that resulted to the decrease in income of the Filipinos elites. For instance, the father of Jose Rizal, Francisco Mercado was an Inquilino, he rented a big land in Calamba from the Dominicans increased the rent in the land, Francisco refused to increase the rent of the farmers under his administration. So the family of Rizal suffered because of the decrease in their income.
Social Stratification in the Philippines • Opening the World Trade • Coming of Liberal Ideas • Implementation of Unjust Policies • Maladministration of Justice • Racial Discrimination • Lack of Filipino Representative in Spanish Cortes
Opening the World Trade The international trade brought material progress in the different areas in the Philippines where the agricultural products included in the trade came from.
Coming of Liberal Ideas The second reason was that the world trade gave opportunity to the Filipinos to gain knowledge about other parts of the world as well as the political events and liberal ideas
Implementation of Unjust Policies The effects of colonization on the native populations in the New World were mistreatment of the natives, harsh labor for them, and new ideas about religion for the Spaniards. One negative effect of colonization was the colonizers mistreating the natives.
Maladministration of Justice The courts of justice were notoriously corrupt. Judges, fiscals and court officials were inept, venal and oftentimes ignorant of law. Justice was costly, partial and slow. Poor Filipinos has no access to the courts.
Racial Discrimination Majority of the Spaniard friars discriminated the Filipinos whom they call as Indio’s. They portray Filipino’s as illiterate, stupid and easy to manipulate. Filipino’s being afraid of the friars tend to follow whatever the friars told them to do. They were able to manipulate Filipino’s on their hand and to do things that are sinful. The Filipinos have no any choice but to be enslaved by those friars.
Lack of Filipino Representative in Spanish Cortes The Philippines was represented by two Spanish mestizos, a Brigadier Garcia Gamba and Señor Juan Francisco Licaros. Strangely enough, during that Cortés a law which had been secretly discussed took effect on 12 April, disallowing overseas delegates to take their seats, even if they were already in Spain.
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