Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2

1. Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2 • “The Empire in Transition”

2. AP Outline • The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789 • The French and Indian War • The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain • The War for Independence • State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation • The federal Constitution

3. Essay Topic #1 • “Despite its precedent-setting character, the American revolt is noteworthy because it made no serious interruption in the smooth flow of American development. • Both in intention and in fact the American Revolution conserved the past rather than repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial experience, the men of the first quarter of the Republic's history set the scenery and wrote the script for the drama of American politics for years to come.” • Assess the validity of this statement.

4. Essay #2 • “A salient feature of our Revolution was that its animating purpose was deeply conservative. • The colonials revolted against British rule in order to keep things the way they were, not to initiate a new era.” Assess the validity of this statement.

5. Quiz: Revolution • List 5 things Ben Franklin did before and during the Revolution • What were, and caused the “Coercive or Intolerable acts?” • Significance of the Battle of Saratoga • Treaty of Paris did what? • Explain 5 things associated with the Declaration of Independence

6. Zenger Case: 1734- lawsuit brought against a journalist- for writing a critical editorial- Zenger was innocent- found that • Paxton Boys- Pennsylvania frontiersmen demanded tax relief and help with the Indians- • Significance showed growing discontent with British policies

7. Colonies Before 1763 • "Salutary neglect“-reduced gov- intervention in colonial affairs. • Develop independently • Freedom of Religion • Commerce (Trade) • Self Government • All in an effort to support development of colonies (Colonies Develop/Population grows)

8. Post French and Indian War 1763 • High expectations -Colonist felt they were ready to inhabit the newly acquired land- • “Peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of this good land.” • However Great Britain had other concerns.

9. Proclamation Line 1763 • Settlers immediately begin to move West • Pontiac- Ottawa Leader attacks and British make proclamation to limit Westward Movement • Angered Virginia land speculators (GW)

10. Grenville 1763- Proclamation of 1763 Mutiny Act or Quartering Act Naval enforcement of Navigation Acts New and Improved Customs Service Sugar Act 1764 Currency Act 1764 Stamp Act 1765 Townshend 1767 New York assembly disbanded Townshend Duties (new taxes on imports) Lead, paper, paint, tea Boston Massacre Committee of Correspondence Lord North 1770 Quiet Period Committee of Correspondence Tea Act Boston Tea Party Coercive Acts- or “Intolerable Acts” Boston Port Act Massachusetts Government Act Administration of Justice Act King George III- 1760 3 English Administrations

11. King George III • Wanted to reassert the authority of the monarchy over the colonies. • Grenville Prime Minister, 1763 • Believed colonists should pay for share of the war • Supported-Sugar Act, Currency Act,Stamp Act, Quartering Act and Admiralty Courts- to raise money and control the colonies.

12. Tar and Feathers • "Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and feathered" • "First degree burns are sustained after a split second contact with a material that is about 70 °C (160 °F). The same is also sustained after thirty seconds of contact with 55 °C (130 °F) material. The tar of that period was of such a quality that it only melted at about 60 °C (140 °F) but was often heated to higher temperatures. At temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F) burns can be created with a three second contact. • Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the feathers would have to be peeled or rubbed off with lard, usually taking a good deal of skin with them. These would leave ugly scars and infection could set in. Depending on how "complete" the job was done, there was also a risk of heat stroke as the tar would act as a strong insulator and prevent the skin from breathing • .As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose is to socially ostracize the victim. The hot tar scars and disfigures so the victim would be seen, wherever he went, to have suffered the punishment. The feathers serve to dehumanize the victim and expulsion from the community by carting or running him out of town completes the act. Riding a rail (especially the old sharp-edged triangular style) could cut and damage the crotch and impair the victim's ability to walk without pain. The agonized screams of the victim were typically drowned out by the noise of the crowd and the clanging of metal objects (pans, bells, etc.)."

13. Navigation Laws NOW Strictly Enforced • Restricted commerce to and from the colonies to English or American vessels. Iron Act/Molasses Act • Certain "enumerated" articles like tobacco couldn’t be shipped to any other foreign market except England, despite higher prices in other markets. • All European goods going to America had to go through England first.

14. George Grenville, new Prime Minister, sought to enforce Navigation Acts • Americans particularly angry about increased authority of Admiralty Courtsthat could now: • try smugglers • tax evaders • ship owners, and others accused  of violating commercial restrictions • no trial by jury

15. Granville Stamp Act Quartering Act Sugar Act Admiralty Courts Admiralty courts Timeline Activity:Create a timeline that identifies the key developments leading up to the War for Independence- use separate colors to symbolize British and Colonial/American actions

16. Did Parliament have a legitimate right to pass laws that affected the Colonies? • Why or why not?

17. Colonial Resistance • Colonists begin to be united against new revenue measures • The imperial government was imposing on traditional colonial powers • Colonists resist- • Virginia Resolves -Patrick Henry in the Virginia House of Burgesses declares colonists have the same rights as Englishmen, • Only taxes voted on by colonial legislature area legal • Was defeated • legislatures, other colonies adopt similar resolutions

18. Stamp Act Congress 1765 Mass leaders called a meeting to discuss the stamp tax met in NY 9 colonies Created petitions to the King and Parliament for redress Sons of Liberty- violence begins to break out Popular unrest= riots Boycotts of British goods Resistance

19. Stamp Act Repealed 1766 • British bow to pressure from English merchants who are losing money from lack of trade • Declaratory Act passed- stated that the Parliament had authority over colonies

20. “No Taxation without Representation” • Virtual Representation- concept that members of Parliament represented all of the subjects in the Empire. • Actual Representation- idea that representatives come from the electorate

21. Colonial Unity Emerges=Common Grievances Grow • Northern Merchants= upset about taxes and reduction in colonial manufactures • Settlers= upset about closing the West • Southern Planters= upset no land speculation and debts rising to English, prices rising • Small Farmers= upset at taxes • Workers= upset about fewer jobs and (manufacture)

22. Charles Townshend- 1767 British Leader, Chancellor of Exchequer • British government- increases restrictions • New taxes on imported goods • To pay for Royal officials in colonies (by pass colonial legislatures • Tea, lead, paint, paper… • Writs of Assistance- broad license to search individual homes/ no judge needed

23. Townshend • 1767- Dissolved the New York assembly for not complying with Quartering Act • Massachusetts calls for more Unity of the colonies- • Established Board of Customs to regulate trade/end smuggling • Causes: • Colonists further resent- and unify against, with boycott of imports- • repealed 1770 except tea

24. Townshend Duties Repealed 1770 Except Tea Popular resentment causes violence Royal representatives are harassed especially in MASS Troops are sent to Boston Tensions grow and an incident occurs 5 people shot by British soldiers Boston Massacre, March 1770 Causes further resentment (propaganda) Townshend Dies Lord North Replaces 1770

25. Revere • Engraving

26. Quiet period after Boston Massacre

27. Committees of Correspondence • In response to British new restrictions on the colonists- • Sam Adams a patriot from Massachusetts, • Committees write letters to create support against the British (UNITY) • Later other colonies will participate in this Propaganda campaign.

28. Check the Link for Great Pictures:

29. Another Tea Act 1773 • To help the East India Company • Tea is given free export from England and cheaper prices in the colonies but also, a monopoly for the company • December 1773 Colonists still resent and dump tea in the Boston Tea Party- 90,000 lbs are dumped • Unrest causes - Intolerable Acts

30. Lord North- Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts 1774 • Unrest causes Parliament to punish Massachusetts • Closed Boston Harbor • Reduced self government powers • Tried to force division among the colonies • Punish Mass for resistance • Causes colonial UNITY by making Massachusetts a martyr

31. Unity of Colonies supported • Royal Governors begin to dissolve colonial assemblies • First Continental Congress called in response to Coercive Acts, Sept. 1774 • Representatives from 12 colonies attend • Petitioned the king for redress of grievances • Created committees to prepare resistance (including armed) • King’s government responds with repression, trade restrictions

32. George III Responds with Military • “The New England governments are in a state of rebellion, blows must decide whether they are subject to this country or independent.” • April 1775- General Gage attempts to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, and seize militia powder • Paul Revere rides to warn them and the “Minutemen” • “Shot heard round the world” begins the military phase of the rebellion.

33. Second Continental Congress -- May 10, 1775 • All 13 colonies present • Selected George Washington to head of the Continental Army. • Adopted measures to raise money and to create an army and a navy

34. Olive Branch Petition • July 1775 • Second Continental Congress creates • Pledges loyalty and asks king to intervene with parliament on behalf of the colonists. • Protect their rights

35. No Some Radicals Wash, Adams, Hancock, Franklin, were ready Most Americans were not ready in 1775 The movement toward independence increases in 1776 Reasons for Radicalization Cost of War $ and lives British enlist slaves British enlist indians British use Mercenaries Naval blockade “Common Sense” Did everyone want Independence?

36. Thomas Paine • See ppt “Declaration of Independence and Common Sense”

37. The War • May 1775 Ticonderoga, Fort Captured on Canada Frontier • Bunker Hill – June 17, 1775, Colonists inflict massive casualties on British attack, but must retreat. • 18,000 Hessians (German mercenary soldiers) hired by King to support British forces • Americans failed to successfully invade Canada in Oct. 1775

38. Declaration of Independence, 1776  • See ppt “Declaration of Independence and Common Sense”

39. Declaration of Independence • What did the Declaration of Independence say? • How is the Declaration of Independence organized? • What do you have to do?

40. The Document is divided into four parts: Preamble: announces the reasons for the document, explains why colonists chose to separate from England Political Principles: a section identifies the ideas underlying the rights of the people, John Locke’s ideas The Declaration: the statement that these 13 colonies are now independent Complaints: the document lists the unfair acts perpetrated by the British Government How is the Declaration of Independence organized?

41. Loyalists • Loyalists ("Tories") = about 20% of the American people • About 80,000 Loyalists fled the colonies. • 50,000 fought for the British

42. How did Americans pay for the war? • Congress had no authority to levy taxes on the people • Requisition to states • Sold bonds- gave troops certificates to be redeemed after the war. • Issued paper money = inflation • Borrowed large amounts of money form other nations- France, Netherlands

43. Advantages Navy Best equipped army Resources of and empire Coherent command structure Disadvantages 3000 miles from home Not enough of Popular support Leadership mistakes British and the War

44. Phase I 1775 Bunker Hill 1776 March Brits evacuate Boston Late 1775-early 76 Americans invade Canada 3 phases of the War

45. Mid-Atlantic Region July 1776-78 Gen. Howe and 32,000 British soldiers invade New York kick out Washington take lots of American prisoners Washington and 19,000 troops retreat to New Jersey Hessians chase him and occupy Jersey Christmas 1776 GW takes Trenton then Princeton then retreats again Brits invade North and South cut colonies in two Phase II

46. Phase II part 2 • Brandywine Sept. 1777 Washingtondefeated • Germantown Oct 1777 Washington defeated • Burgoyne comes down from Canada • Big battle at Saratoga Oct. 1777 • Burgoyne defeated surrenders 5000 men • Horatio Gates American Hero • Led directly to French support of the American revolution

47. Iroquois Confederacy declare Neutral But Mohawk Senecca Cayuga Support Brits Will later flee to Canada Confederacy ends Oneida Tuscarora supported the Americans Indians and Revolution

48. Why is Washington seen as a the “Indispensable Man” • He survived and inspired the troops to stay through to the end of the war.

49. Why did the Americans Win? • Didn’t give up! • Fighting on their home territory- • “Guerrilla” = unconventional war- • France helped- Navy, $, Troops • The Marquis de LaFayette • Compte Rochambeau • British quit- too much money, too difficult to win.

50. The Revolution turned into a world war that stretched Britain’s resources. “attrition” • Franco-American Alliance, 1778 • Spain and Holland entered in 1779. • In 1778, Britain again changed its strategy: focused on former Southern Colonies • Battle of Yorktown: last major battle of the war • Oct. 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered entire force of 7,000 men War continued one more year (especially in the South)