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MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY

MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY. Presented by Nazlı EBRİŞİM. GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSIONS OF MEANING. The distinction of grammatical expressions Singularity / Plurality One Morpheme 1.No expression : Japanese < hito > person , pl . < hito >

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MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY

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  1. MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY Presentedby Nazlı EBRİŞİM

  2. GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSIONS OF MEANING Thedistinction of grammaticalexpressions Singularity/Plurality OneMorpheme 1.No expression: Japanese <hito> person, pl. <hito> 2.Functional word: Tagalog <bato> stone, pl. <mgabato> Morethanonemorpheme 3.Affixation: Turkish <ev> house, pl. <evler> Swahili <m-toto> child, pl. <wa-toto> 4.Sound change: English <man>, pl. <men> Arabic <rajulun> man, pl. <rijalun> 5.Reduplication: Malay <anak> child, pl. <anak-anak>

  3. ANALYTIC VS. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES • Analytic/Isolatinglanguages: A wordtendstoconsist of onlyonemorpheme. Theselanguageshavenoinflection. Theprocess of wordformation is solimitedlikeChinese, Vietnamese, Yoruba, Kung. • Syntheticlanguages: A wordtendstoconsist of morethanonemorpheme. English is a mildlysyntheticlanguagewhileolderIndo-Europeanlanguageslike Latin, Greekand Sanskrit arehighlysynthetic. Theyhave a lot of inflection, derivationandcompounding • Polysyntheticlanguages: Wordsareverycomplexandsometimesconstituteentireclauses, withextensiveuse of inflection, derivationandcompounding.

  4. analyticsyntheticpolysyntheticword=morphemeword>morphemeword=clauseanalyticsyntheticpolysyntheticword=morphemeword>morphemeword=clause

  5. AGGLUTINATIVE VS. FLECTIVE LANGUAGES Syntheticandpolysyntheticlanguagesmay be furtherdividedintoagglutinativeandflective. Forexample: InTurkishev-ler-den housepl. Abl.

  6. Thefeatures of agglutinaveandflective

  7. Thesepropertiesareindependent of eachother, andmanylanguagesexhibitonlyoneortwo of them. Languageswithcumulation, alsousuallyhavebothfusionandintroflection.

  8. Typicalfeatures of analyticlanguages Analytic languages are found in three separate parts of the world: East and Southeast Asia, West Africa, and South Africa. Theirlinguisticfeatures: 1. Predominantly monosyllabic morphemes (and sometimes words) 2. Extensive use of tonemes 3. Extensive use of function words 4. Relatively fixed word order 5. Less rigid grammatical rules An example of a language with less rigid grammatical rules: Chinese 1. It has no inflection. 2. Subject and object are often optional. 3. Function words are often optional.Flexiblesystem 4. Word boundaries and sentence boundaries are fuzzy. 5. Apart from the noun-verb distinction, word class distinctions are fuzzy.

  9. As an example of the kind of flexibility present in Chinese grammar: Nîbu la, wo bu qu. you not come I not go This sentence may have at least four different meanings: • 1. 'If you don't come, I won't go.' • 2. 'When you don't come, I won't go.' • 3. 'Since you don't come, I won't go.' • 4. 'You won't come, and I won't go.'

  10. Thankyouforlisteningto me.

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