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Morphological Process

Morphological Process. Affixation => prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix Non-affixal derivation/inflection =>Compounding => Reduplication => Alternation => Suppletion. Infix (Tagalog). tulong ‘ help’ => tumulong ‘helped’ lipad ‘fly’ => lumipad ‘flew’ kain ‘eat’ => kumain ‘ate’.

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Morphological Process

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  1. Morphological Process • Affixation • => prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix • Non-affixal derivation/inflection • =>Compounding • => Reduplication • => Alternation • => Suppletion

  2. Infix (Tagalog) • tulong ‘help’ • => tumulong ‘helped’ • lipad ‘fly’ • => lumipad ‘flew’ • kain ‘eat’ • => kumain ‘ate’

  3. uwi ‘return’ • => umuwi ‘returned’ ([ʔumuwi]) • gradwet ‘graduate’ • => gumradwet or grumadwet ‘graduated’ • Infix = [-um-] after first consonant

  4. Circumfix (Indonesian) • RootDerived Form • baik ‘good’ kebaikan ‘goodness’ • bersih ‘clean’ kebersihan ‘cleanliness’ • cantik ‘beautiful’ kecantikan ‘beauty’ • sulit ‘difficult’ kesulitan ‘difficulty’ • => [kə-] + Adj + [-an]

  5. Total Reduplication • Indonesian • omong ‘talk’ • omong-omong ‘chat’ • duduk ‘sit’ • duduk-duduk ‘sit around’

  6. Partial Reduplication • Tagalog • tulong ‘help’ • => tutulong ‘will help’ • lipad ‘fly’ • => lilipad ‘will fly’ • kain ‘eat’ • => kakain ‘will eat’

  7. uwi ‘return’ • => uuwi ‘will return’ • gradwet ‘graduate’ • => gagradwet • Reduplication = repeat first consonant and vowel

  8. Compounding • N-N: girlfriend, landlord, fire-fighter • A-N: blackbird, happy hour • P-N: overcoat, outhouse, underpass • N-A: trigger-happy, boy crazy

  9. Characteristics of Compounds • Stress change • good friend vs girlfriend • Meaning change • black bird vs blackbird • black board vs blackboard

  10. Alternation • SingularPlural • mouse [ɑʊ] mice [ɑɪ] • goose [u] geese [i] • woman [ʊ] women [ɪ] • foot [ʊ] feet [i]

  11. NounVerb • strife [f] strive [v] • teeth [θ] teethe [ð] • breath [θ] breathe [ð] • use [s] use [z]

  12. Arabic Alternation • SingularPlural • nafs nufuus ‘soul’ • bank bunuuk ‘bank’

  13. Derivation by Stress • VerbNoun • conductconduct • insertinsert • rejectreject • convictconvict

  14. Derivation by Tone • Mandarin • 教 [tçjɑʊ] • level tone => ‘teach’ • falling tone => ‘something taught’ • 將 [tçjɑŋ] • level tone => ‘lead’ • falling tone => ‘one who leads’

  15. Suppletion • go went • be is am are • good better • bad worse

  16. Zero Derivations • NounVerb • bike bike • skate skate • work work • winter winter

  17. Morphological Types • Analytic (isolating) • => One morpheme per word • Synthetic • => Polymorphemic words

  18. Synthetic Types • Agglutinating • => Morphemes are easily segmentable. • => One meaning per form • Fusional • => Not easily segmentable • => Multiple meanings per form

  19. Fusional • Spanish • [hablo] ‘I am speaking.’ • [habla] ‘S/he is speaking.’ • [hable] ‘I spoke.’

  20. Polysynthesis • Onondaga (Iroquoian) • Pet wa?-ha-htu?ta? • Pat Past-Agr-lose • ne? ohwista? • the money • “Pat lost the money.”

  21. Incorporated • Pet wa?-ha-hwist-ahtu?ta? • Pat Past-Agr-money-lose • “Pat lost money.”

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