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Coagulation Testing

Educational Services, Edison, NJ. Coagulation Testing. What is it? Why do we need it POC?. Marcia L. Zucker, Ph.D. Director of Clinical Research. Coagulation Testing. Monitoring hemostasis. Bleeding Clotting. CLOT. Anticoagulants. Monitor with PT.

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Coagulation Testing

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  1. Educational Services, Edison, NJ Coagulation Testing What is it? Why do we need it POC? Marcia L. Zucker, Ph.D. Director of Clinical Research

  2. Coagulation Testing • Monitoring hemostasis Bleeding Clotting

  3. CLOT Anticoagulants Monitor with PT Extrinsic Pathway Monitor with aPTT or ACT Intrinsic Pathway HEPARIN WARFARIN DXaI X Xa LMWH Common Pathway II IIa (thrombin) Monitor with ????? Hirudin & DTI

  4. Coagulation is Complex Picture from DiaPharma.com

  5. Laboratory PT.. aPTT TT.. Fib. Anti Xa Anti IIa Factor Assays Point of Care ACT Celite® Kaolin Glass beads Silica thromboplastin Common(?) Coagulation Tests

  6. Point of Care Whole Blood No Added Anticoagulant No Dilution No Preanalytical Delay Standard Laboratory Platelet Poor Plasma Sodium Citrate Anticoagulant 1:9 Dilution Variable Preanalytical Delay Differences in test methods

  7. POC Coagulation Analyzers • HEMOCHRON 401 / 801 / Response • HEMOCHRON Jr. Signature / Signature + • ProTime / 3 • Medtronic HMS/HMS+/ HemoTec ACT II / ACTPlus • CoaguChek / S / Pro / Pro DM • i-STAT • Helena Actalyke • Hemosense INRatio • Others?

  8. POC Coag Analyzers Differ • Test methodology • Sample size and application • Microliters to milliliters • Sample measurement • Manual vs automated • Clot detection method • Enzyme detection method • Thrombin generation • Reagent composition • Results

  9. ClinicalApplications • Operating Room • Cardiac Surgery • Interventional Cardiology and Radiology • Critical Care • Satellite Sites • Dialysis • ECMO • Emergency Room • Anticoagulation Clinic

  10. History of the ACT • Lee-White clotting time • Manual • No activator • Very slow • 1966 –Hattersley- Activated Clotting Time • Diatomaceous earth activator • Operator defined mixing and clot detection • Global assay - Contact activation of cascade

  11. Activated Clotting Time

  12. Particulate Contact Activation • Initiation of intrinsic coagulation cascade • Factor XII (Hageman factor) • Prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) • Dramatically shortens contact activation period over Lee-White time • Proposed as both screening assay for coagulation defects and for heparin monitoring

  13. ACT Automation - 1969 • HEMOCHRON introduced • semi-automated • less operator dependence • two assays • CA510 (later FTCA510) • diatomaceous earth activated • P214 glass bead activated

  14. 2 assays for separate applications

  15. 1980’s HemoTec ACT • Liquid kaolin activator • Different technology • Different results

  16. ACT Differences • Recognized in literature >20 years • Clinical evaluations of Hemochron appeared in journals mid 1970’s • By 1981, papers appeared showing little correlation between ACT and heparin level • By 1988, papers clearly showed clinically different results between Hemochron and HemoTec • Differences ignored by clinicians

  17. Why are there so many different ACTs?

  18. Monitoring - ACT • Benefits • Industry Standard Since 1970s • Recommended as primary method in AmSECT guidelines (perfusion) • Easy to run • Disadvantages • Each system yields different numbers • High sensitivity to hypothermia and hemodilution (with exceptions) • Little or no correlation to heparin level • especially true for pediatric patients

  19. Heparinized ACT - CPB Data from Huffman, et.al. 1998 AmSECT meeting

  20. Pharmaceutical Intervention • Amicar or Tranexamic Acid • No effect on standard celite ACT • Aprotinin • Significant elevation of celite ACT • Two dosing regimens • Full or Half Hammersmith • Both independent of patient size

  21. ACT Monitoring-Aprotinin Treatment • Celite ACT • Not recommended • Still used with target times of >750 seconds • Kaolin ACT • Unaffected by moderate doses of aprotinin • Used with target times of > 480 seconds • ACT+ • Unaffected by ALL doses of aprotinin • Used with target times of > 400 seconds

  22. Data from clinical evaluation, on file, ITC Monitoring in CPB - Aprotinin

  23. Other POC Coag in the OR • aPTT / PT • Pre- and post-procedural screening • Fibrinogen • Pre- and post-procedural screening • Dosing Assays • Customize heparin and protamine for each patient • HEMOCHRON HRT / PRT • Hepcon HMS • Measure heparin level • Relationship to coagulation status unclear

  24. Other POC Coag in the OR • Heparin neutralization verification • Ensure complete removal of circulating heparin • aPTT • PDA-O - ACT based • TT / HNTT - Thrombin Time based • heparinase ACT

  25. Outcome studies - POC in OR • Reduced Blood Loss/Transfusion • Use of HRT and PRT (RxDx System) • Reduced Cost Resulting from Use of POC Assays • RxDx combined with TT / HNTT • Reduced Complication Rates • TT / HNTT • Re-Exploration for Bleeding Reduced from 2.5% to 1.1% • Re-Exploration for Coagulopathy Reduced from 1.0% to 0.0.

  26. ClinicalApplications • Operating Room • Cardiac Surgery • Interventional Cardiology and Radiology • Critical Care • Satellite Sites • Dialysis • ECMO • Emergency Room • Anticoagulation Clinic

  27. Procedures • Diagnostic • Catheterization • locate and map vessel blockage(s) • determine need for interventional procedures • Electrophysiology • Interventional Radiology • Interventional • Balloon angioplasty • Atherectomy (roto-rooter)

  28. Diagnostic – Low dose heparin • Catheterizationand Electrophysiology • 2500 - 5000 unit bolus dose • frequently not monitored • if monitored – • ACT • aPTT

  29. Interventional – Moderate dose • Angioplasty and Atherectomy • Heparin • 10,000 unit bolus dose or • 2 - 2.5 mg/kg • target ACT 300 - 350 seconds • 200 – 300 in presence of ReoPro • Angiomax (bivalirudin) • ACT >300 • Hemochron (ACT-LR or FTCA510) trials • Measure post-bolus to ensure drug on board • Required in patients with renal impairment

  30. Adhesion • shape change • release 3 sec 10 sec 5 min ADP release Aggregation • Coagulation • Fibrin formation Why use platelet inhibitors? • Angioplasty promotes aggregation

  31. Need to inhibit restenosis / reocclusion

  32. Platelet Inhibitors • ReoPro • elevates ACTs • target time = 250 sec with ReoPro • determined using FTCA510 tube • Integrelin • No reported clinically significant effects on ACT • Aggrastat • No reported effects on ACT

  33. ClinicalApplications • Operating Room • Cardiac Surgery • Interventional Cardiology and Radiology • Critical Care • Satellite Sites • Dialysis • ECMO • Emergency Room • Anticoagulation Clinic

  34. ACT or aPTT • Determine when to pull the femoral sheath • Premature sheath pull can lead to bleeding. • Delayed removal can increase time in CCU. • Target set at each site. • ACT targets range from 150 – 220 seconds • aPTT targets range from 40 – 70 seconds • Must be linked to heparin sensitivity of reagent used

  35. ACT vs aPTT Single site comparison, ACT tube vs HE Jr Sig aPTT

  36. ACT or aPTT • Monitor heparin therapy • Target times determined by each facility • APTT outcome study • Reduce time to result (112 vs <5 minute) • Reduce time to stabilization • Reduce dose adjustments • Reduce length of stay • By using POC aPTT instead of lab • Poster at AACC 2000 – Staikos, et.al.

  37. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Extrinsic Pathway Intrinsic Pathway APTT Common Pathway CLOT

  38. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time • NOT a PTT • PTT is the predecessor of the aPTT • Not used anymore • Laboratory or Point of Care • High APTT values • presence of heparin • treat by giving protamine • underlying coagulopathy • treat by giving FFP • Monitor heparin / Coumadin® cross-over

  39. Heparin versus Warfarin

  40. Prothrombin Time Extrinsic Pathway Intrinsic Pathway PT Common Pathway CLOT

  41. Prothrombin Time • Monitor warfarin therapy • Monitor heparin/warfarin crossover • Target times are set by International Normalized Ratio (INR) ISI = international Sensitivity Index • INR target ranges are specified by patient populations • DVT, Afib, Atrial MHV: INR= 2.0 - 3.0 • Mitral mechanical heart valve: INR= 2.5 – 3.5 • Hypercoagulable disorders: INR= 1.5 – 2.5?

  42. Will POC Results Match the Lab? NO! (Probably Not) but it WILL Correlate

  43. Correlate Does Not Mean Match

  44. Coag is NOT Chemistry

  45. Compare for your site. Same System / Multiple Sites

  46. Are differences important? • Sometimes no - aPTT C

  47. Sometimes VERY - aPTT SP

  48. Lot to Lot Reproducibility

  49. ClinicalApplications • Operating Room • Cardiac Surgery • Interventional Cardiology and Radiology • Critical Care • Satellite Sites • Dialysis • ECMO • Emergency Room • Anticoagulation Clinic

  50. Dialysis / ECMO • ACT (or nothing in dialysis) • Majority use P214 glass activated ACT • Some use ACT-LR; HemoTec LR ACT • Better Control of Anticoagulation Leads to Increased Dialyzer Reuse • Potential for Long Term Cost Savings • No Compromise in Dialysis Efficacy (Kt/V) • Ouseph, R. et.al. Am J Kidney Dis 35:89-94; 2000

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