Rise And Fall of Agricultural revolution

1.          Topic – Rise And Fall of Agricultural revolution  in Punjab

2. Content

3. Crisis • BENGAL FAMINE 1943 – India faced the world's worst recorded famine. Nearly 2-3 million people lost their lives • Government tried to expand the agriculture area • But our population increased at an exponential rate

4. Wars and droughts • Sino Indian war in 1962 • India Pakistan war in 1965 • 1964 – 1965 •     1965 –1966 • India faced two consecutive droughts

5. Consequences • The accumulated results of wars, monsoon failure, etc. Was that India produced only 72 million tonne food grain in 1966 while the demand was 90 million tonne • As a result India had to take food grains and aids from foeign countries like USA  • The food crisis situation raised the food import from 3.5 tonne to 10.4 tonnes between 1961 and 1966

6. Introduction of Green Revolution • With the increasing crisis Indian government and scientist particularly M . SWAMINATHAN thought to invest in new hybrid seeds, advanced machinery and technology • The Green Revolution is the term applied to the major advances in crop breeding genetics made in the 1960s which significantly raised the yields of some grain crops . However, rather than the full range of crops experiencing rises in yields per hectare, it was only really wheat in particular, and rice to a lesser extent, which experienced the dramatic yield rises characterizing the Green Revolution

7. Benefits of the green revolution • Various technologies such as High-Yielding-Variety (HYV) seeds, tractor , irrigation facilities, etc. Were extensively used in agriculture under the green revolution

8. Other developments Mandis were established as a place of all the producers and consumers to dump transact their produce Incentives were given on electricity in order to maximize the irrigation facilities Roads were build to connect rural areas to the mandis and urban markets 

9. New obtained policies

10. Impact The green revolution led to high productivity of crops through adapted measures, such as  (1) increased area under farming.  (2) double-cropping, which includes planting two crops rather than one, annually.  (3) adoption of HYV of seeds.  (4) highly increased use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides . (5) improved irrigation facilities, and (6) improved farm implements and crop protection measures 

11. Cont... • As a result of successful roll out of ‘Green revolution’, India became one of the largest agricultural producers in the world • The Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system that was established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution to distribute food and non-food items to India's poor at subsidized rates. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar and essential fuels like kerosene, through a network of fair price shops 

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13. Industrial growth • The growth of agriculture productivity led to the growth in industrial sector • Such as agricultural machinery and chemical fertilizers • Bakery development and milling industries.

14. Agricultural labourer's migration • The Green Revolution also helped create more rural employment opportunities in the rural sectors of Punjab • Where paddy-wheat is the major crop rotation. The paddy-wheat belt was purposively chosen as the major agricultural operations like transplanting of paddy, harvesting of wheat and paddy, spraying of pesticides, etc. are performed mainly by migrant labourers.

15. Fall of agricultural revolution  • The standstill of agriculture in 1990s caused a stagnant Punjab’s economy since its economy was strongly interlinked with the agriculture • The Punjab is at 10th position in terms of Per Capita Income but in early 1990s, it was India’s 3rd richest state

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17. Causes of downfall • Lack of diversification : • When Punjab chose paddy and wheat cultivation , India was I severe need for the food grains With technological change and central support , Punjab increased the food productivity. • The present agricultural production in Punjab has plateaued now and it is unsustainable to increase the production anymore

18. 1961 – 2020 : 27% - 45% Required stock(million tones) : 7.6 Actual stock (million tones) : 25.8 1961 – 2020 : 4% - 40% Required stock(million tones) : 13.8 Actual stock (million tones) : 31

19. Cont.. • Punjab, which has currently around 78 lakh hectares (LH) Gross Cropped Area under Kharif (April to October) and Rabi (October to March) crops, has been mainly growing two cereals – wheat and paddy – only on majority of its cropped area, including nearly 35 LH under wheat and another 30-31 LH under paddy (including basmati). • But the state was never like this, as before the advent of the Green Revolution in the mid-1960s, the area under both the crops was around 39% in 1960-61 and in the remaining area, Punjab was growing pulses, oilseeds, maize, sugarcane, bajra, barley, and cotton.

20. Cont.. • Most of the technological interventions such as HYV, irrigation facilities etc. Were also confined to a few crops only

21. Water depletion • Paddy is a water guzzling crop that requires upto 5377 liters of water per kg of grain produced as compared to 1500 liters of wheat. • The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has revealed that Punjab annually extract 165% more groundwater over its limit of groundwater extraction • According to the Niti Aayog, if area under the paddy crop does not reduce in coming future, the agricultural productivity will deplete to the level of 1960s.

22. Increase in electricity demand • Due to the increase in growth of paddy crop, the ground water levels started depleting at a higher rate • As a result the water table now reaches 4 times deeper than the ideal. Hence farmers now have to use stronger motors to extract underground water , which uses high amounts of electricity units . 

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24. Increased immunity of pests • In due course, pests grew immune to pesticides and farmers, in desperation, began pumping out more of these chemicals. Their excessive use not only contaminated the air, soil and the water table, but also exposed plants and humans to the threat of adulterated pesticides. • The unawareness and lack of knowledge pf farmers regarding pesticide use has resulted in indiscriminate usage of the chemicals • Farmers neither use designated prescription ,nor they take the required precautions  • With this misuse , pests are now being immune to the pesticides and mor and more dosage is required in next season and hence a vicious cycle is created. 

25. Cont... • The pesticides also have been associated with the pollution of soils, water and air and can threaten the human and animals life as well by entering into food chains

26. Decrease in industrial sectors • People claim many reasons for lack of industrial development in Punjab such as • Border state • Land locked area • Lack of mineral reservoirs • Lack of subsidy to the private investors • According to the Swaminathan Iyerrs report, the main reason for industry not being developed is because it was never the priority of our political reasons. The problems we are facing now were starting to show themselves in early 1970s. • Their were many programmes for the private investment in 1980s but it was completely sidelined by the disruption of democratically elected governments.

27. Decline of textiles industry • Many textile industries had to leave Punjab mainly because of two reasons: • Lack of port: Punjab is a land locked state and has no ports nearby attached, due to this the transportation cost in Punjab is much higher in Punjab the other states. • Unavailability of raw materials : due to single intentions growing paddy and wheat ,crops such as cotton were no longer produced in such a margin that companies would benefit from them. Instead they moved towards gujarat , maharashtra  and meghalaya.

28. Agriculture market • The agricultural marketing in Punjab is regulated through ‘Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) • APMCs impose a tax of 6% on agri-commercial transactions and also imposes an additional tax of 2.5% as middlemen’s commission • The high taxes at these mandis have discouraged the food processing industries

29. Agri infrastructure • Out of total 1800 registered warehouses with Warehousing Developing and Regulatory Authority (WDRA), Punjab has only 6 while Madhya Pradesh has 340 warehouses

30. Procurement system  • Wheat and Paddy were benefited immensely under the 'Minimum Support Price (MSP)' regime • Even today, up to 90% of the paddy produced within the state is procured by the state government • This procurement system discourage the diversification of field crops.

31. Conclusion An expert committee was set up by the government under well-known Economist Montek Singh Ahluwalia.The committee suggested an extensive set of reforms such as diversification of agriculture, arrest of depleting ground water table, etc. Former Agriculture Secretary Siraj Hussain has suggested that Punjab may choose to increase the export of livestock, dairy and the agricultural machinery in order to revive its agricultural economy

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