African Swine Fever

1. African Swine Fever Pesti Porcine Africaine, Fiebre Porcina Africana,Maladie de Montgomery

2. Overview • Organism • Economic Impact • Epidemiology • Transmission • Clinical Signs • Diagnosis and Treatment • Prevention and Control • Actions to Take Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

3. The Organism

4. African Swine Fever Virus • Highly contagiousviral disease of swine • Asfarviridae • Enveloped DNA virus • Only DNA virus transmitted by arthropods • Isolates vary in virulence • High virulence: 100% mortality • Low virulence: seroconversion Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

5. African Swine Fever Virus • Highly resistant • At least 30 days in pens • > 140 days in somepork products • Killed by high tempsand some disinfectants • Affects domestic andwild pigs warthog bush pig collared peccary Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

6. Importance

7. History • 1900’s: Domestic pigs in Kenya • 1957, 1960s • Spread to Europe • Successful eradication by 1990s • 1963: Found in soft ticks • 1971: 1st time in Western Hemisphere • Late 1970’s • Outbreaks in South America and Caribbean • Successful eradication through depopulation • 2007: Outbreak in country of Georgia Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

8. Economic Impact Animal Health High mortality Highly contagious Import and export bans Movement restrictions Quarantine and Depopulation Required for eradication Can become prolonged epidemic Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

9. Epidemiology

10. Geographic Distribution • Endemic in southern Africa • Outbreaks have occurred in Europe, South America, and the Caribbean • Eradicated from the Western Hemisphere and Europe • Except for feral pigs onthe Island of Sardinia (Italy) • 2007- Multiple outbreaks inthe country of Georgia Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

11. Morbidity/Mortality • Morbidity approaches 100% • Previously unexposed herds • Herds in contact with each other • Mortality varies with virulenceof isolate • Ranges from 0%-100% • No treatment or vaccine Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

12. Transmission

13. Animal Transmission • Direct contact • Infected animals(usually oronasal) • Indirect • Feeding of uncooked garbage • Fomites • Contaminated clothing or footwear, equipment, vehicles, feed • Bite of infected ticks • Mechanically by biting flies • Found in all tissues and body fluids Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

14. Animals and African Swine Fever

15. Clinical Signs:High Virulence • Incubation period: 5-19 days • High fever • Moderate anorexia • Erythema, cyanosis • Recumbency • Bloody diarrhea • Frequent abortions • Death Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

16. Clinical Signs: Chronic Disease • Multi-focal erythema • Ears, abdomen, inner thigh • May be raised and necrotic • Low fever • Pneumonia • Painless swelling of carpal and tarsal joints • Emaciation, stunting • Death Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

17. Post Mortem Lesions:Most Common Spleen Enlarged Friable Dark red, black Lymph nodes Swollen Hemorrhagic Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

18. Post Mortem Lesions:Chronic Infection Focal skin necrosis Fibrinous pericarditis Generalized lymphadenopathy Swollen joints Consolidated lobules in lung Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

19. Post Mortem Lesions:Less Common Hemorrhages Petechiae Ecchymoses Edema Lungs and gall bladder Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

20. Acute PRRS Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome Erysipelas Salmonellosis Aujeszky’s disease (pseudorabies) Classical swine fever (hog cholera) Eperythrozoonosis Actinobacillosis Glasser’s Disease Pasteurellosis Thrombocytopenic purpura Warfarin poisoning Heavy metal toxicity Differential Diagnosis Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

21. Sampling Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

22. Diagnosis • Suspect ASF in pigs with: • Fever • Characteristic post mortemsigns in spleen, lymph nodes • Laboratory Tests • Virus isolation • Viral antibody detection • PCR • There is no treatment Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

23. African Swine Feverin Humans Humans are not susceptible.

24. Prevention and Control

25. Recommended Actions • Notification of state or federal authorities IMMEDIATELY • Federal: Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offices.html • State veterinarian www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/sregs/official.html • Quarantine Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

26. Quarantine • Suspicion of ASF • Entire herd quarantined • Strict enforcement • Authorities notified • Diagnosis confirmed • Disposal of carcasses • Burial • Burning Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

27. Disinfection • Most disinfectants ineffective • Use an ASFV-approved disinfectant • Sodium hypochlorite • Some iodine and quaternary ammonium compounds Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

28. Prevention • Garbage fed to pigs must be cooked • Unprocessed meat must be heated • Potential tick vectors • Controlled with acaricides • Isolation of infected animals • Eradication • Slaughter of infected and in-contact animals • Virus killed by heat Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

29. Vaccination • No vaccine • All attempts unsuccessful • We all need todo our part • Keep our pigs healthy • Free of foreign animal diseases Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

30. Additional Resources • World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) • www.oie.int • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) • www.aphis.usda.gov • Center for Food Security and Public Health • www.cfsph.iastate.edu • USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases(“The Gray Book”) • www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book02/index.php Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008

31. Acknowledgments Development of this presentationwas funded by grants from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division, and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardshipto the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University. Authors: Jean Gladon, BS, DVM; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhD; Reviewers: James A. Roth, DVM, PhD; Bindy Comito, BA; Katie Spaulding, BS; Jane Galyon, MS; Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008