SEVENTH GRADE ENGLISH BENCHMARK 3

1. SEVENTH GRADE ENGLISHBENCHMARK 3 GRAMMAR, USAGE, AND MECHANICS

2. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Use correct verb tense in writing. Hey, Kai. Yes, I studied for the verb tense test. Huh? Oh… let’s see… the principal parts of a verb are present, past, and past participle. What? No. Get your own hot chocolate.

3. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Use correct verb tense in writing. (Sigh…) Olivia is always so nice, and her verb tenses are always correct. • Olivia (had ran, had run) on the track team for two years. • 2. Kai had already (ate, eaten) his sandwich. • 3. Olivia said, “I’ve (went, gone) to track practice late two days in a row.” • 4. Kai said, “I (sung, sang) in the school play last year.” • 5. Olivia said, “I’ve (fell, fallen) over the hurdles several times.” Write down what you think the correct verb forms are. Answers are on the next slide.

4. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Use correct verb tense in writing. This is a good way to think of present, past, and past participle: • Olivia (had ran, had run) on the track team for two years. • 2. Kai had already (ate, eaten) his sandwich. • 3. Olivia said, “I’ve (went, gone) to track practice late two days in a row. • 4. Kai said, “I (sung, sang) in the school play last year.” • 5. Olivia said, “I’ve (fell, fallen) over the hurdles several times.

5. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Use correct verb tense in writing. Hey, Mei. Did you notice that big tree has fell down in our parking area? The principals have gave us new parking spots. Man, I’ve went to the office three times to register for my spot – it hasn’t took me very long – I want a good spot! That tree has tore up a school bus! Hey, have you wrote your essay for English? Ms. Periwinkle’s gave me bad grades for every essay I’ve did so far! Did you find all of Kai’s mistakes? Check the next slide to be sure.

6. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Use correct verb tense in writing. Use the Principal Parts of Verbs Chart to check Kai’s verb tense choices. Principal Parts of Verbs Past Present Past Participle 1. …big tree has fell… 2. … principals have gave us… 3. … I’ve went to the office… 4. …it hasn’t took me very long… 5. …tree has tore up… 6. …have you wrote your essay… 7. Ms. Periwinkle’sgave me… 8. …for every essay I’vedid…

7. PASS GUM 3.1.b.Use correct verb tense in writing. Ms. Periwinkle, our English teacher, was so sweet today. She was telling Kai that verb tense problems can easily be overcome! We use the verb tenses that we grow up hearing from our friends, our babysitters at daycare, our aunts and uncles, and people on TV. How we hear it is how we say it! It just sounds right that way! To change, we just have to make a list of the verb forms we learned incorrectly and then memorize the right forms. Soon, they will begin to sound right to us! We’re not dumb when we use the wrong verb form – we just heard it the wrong way when we were young.

8. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb direct---------------------------object1. Gidget loves Moondoggie and (I, me). sub. verb indirect----------------object adj. dir. obj.2.Liz gave Gidget and (I, me) new surfboards.subjectverb dir.obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/obj. of prep.)3.Gidget gave a ride to Liz and (I, me, myself). subjects------------------------------ verb ---direct object---4. Liz and (I, me, myself) love Moondoggie. Can you select the correct pronouns?

9. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly.Definitions and Examples1.Subject pronouns(Nominative pronouns) Used as subjects, predicate nominatives2.Object pronounsUsed as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition3.Possessive pronounsUsed to show possession

10. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb direct----------------------- objectGidget loves Moondoggie and (I, me). Subject – Gidget Verb – loves Say “loves who or what?” That’s your direct object - Moondoggie and me. We choose me because the direct objectpronounmust come from the object pronouns. We can’t choose I because the pronoun I is a subject pronoun!

11. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. Dude, don’t overthink; don’t do it the hard way. You are wasting your surfing energy on pronoun problems. Be like me, the Moondog… I just eliminate the “Gidget and…” and listen for what sounds right. Listen… Liz gave I a surfboard… Liz gave me a surfboard… See? sub. verb indirect--------------object adj. dir. obj.Liz gave Gidget and (I, me) new surfboards.

12. sub. verb dir.obj. (prep. phrase ending with obj. of prep.)Gidget gave a ride to Liz and (I, me, myself).subjects-------------------------------------- verb ---direct object---Liz and (I, me, myself) love Moondoggie. It’s easy; just mentally mark out the “compound element”: Liz and… Then you can listen for the correct pronoun answer! Gidget gave a ride to Liz and (I, me, myself). Liz and (I, me, myself) love Moondoggie.

13. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. Try these two: Liz is taking modeling lessons from Tyra and (I, me). Moondog painted Liz and (me, I) a portrait.

14. Liz is taking modeling lessons from Tyra and (I, me). Moondog painted Liz and (me, I) a portrait. Yes! Liz is taking lessons from ME. (Just mentally mark out …Tyra and…) Moondog painted ME a portrait. (Just mentally mark out …Liz and…)

15. PASS GUM 3.1.l.Distinguish and correctly spell commonly confused words. Thank you, fellow Panthers! I, Olivia McPretty, except the honor of being crowned Prom Queen! May the Panthers never loosethere glory! Go Cats! • Which is the best change, if any, to make to the underlined words in the sentence above? • except / lose / theirB. accept / loose / thereC. accept / lose / theirD. No change.

16. These are some of the commonly confused words. One of the most abused pairs is its/it’s. No worries: It’salways meansIT IS. It’s a contraction! The other one (its)always means the possessive pronoun…like…the puppy licked its paw. Commonly Confused Words: to, two, too; our, are; accept, except; affect, effect; past, passed; red, read; there, their, they’re; dessert, desert; lead, led; its, it’s; loose, lose; peace, piece; break, brake; choose, chose; capital, capitol; all right; all ready, already; altar, alter; all together, altogether

17. Here are a few more… What effect will the new soccer regulations have on your team? Will they affect you very much? They’re saying that their effect will be felt both in America and clear over there in England. To enforce the two regulations will take too much money! The economy is already bad. Oh well, I’m all ready to play! It’s time for you to look in your grammar book, make a list of the “commonly confused words” that you still get mixed up in your mind, and sit down and study them until you know them!

18. You know, whether you are an alert student like Olivia or a sleepy student like Maynard, you need to realize at some point that you are in charge of what you learn. If you see something in this lesson – or in any lesson -- that you don’t know, take responsibility for it. Make a list of what you don’t know, and learn it. It will be on your ACT and SAT. If you wait around for your teacher to figure out exactly what each of you doesn’t know and then teach it to each of you, it will be harder for you to learn everything you need. Instead, if you see something you don’t know, learn it! Ma’am, will you please email this PowerPoint to me at my home? I want to study the grammar rules.

19. GUM 3.1.m.Use the correct forms of plural and possessive forms of nouns. OK – Noun – person, place, thing, idea – right? OK – Plural form is how we spell it when there is more than one – like computer/computers or foot/feet – right? OK – Possessive form means when the noun shows ownership – like Maynard’s computer or my friends’ cars – right?

20. Singular: one shopping bag Plural: many shopping bags Rules for Making Nouns PLURAL: Most nouns: Add sEx: bike(s), shop(s), the Jackson family/the Jackson(s), the Scott family/the Scott(s), the Deaver famly/the Deaver(s), the Dibrell family/the Dibrell(s), the Coke family/the Coke(s) Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh: Add esEx: church(es), box(es), dress(es), waltz(es), brush(es), the Katz family/the Katzes, the Jones family/the Jones(es), the Evans family/ the Evans(es), the Barghols family/ the Barghols(es), the Butts family/ the Butts(es), the Burch family/the Burch(es), the Mills family/ the Mills(es), the Hughes family/ the Hughes(es), the McWatters family/ the McWatters(es)

21. Rules for Making Nouns PLURAL, continued Nouns ending in vowel-y: Add sEx: key(s) essay(s) journey(s), the Toney family/ the Toney(s), the Lashley family/ the Lashley(s) Nouns ending in consonant-y: Drop the y and add ies*Ex: baby/babies, sky/skies, comedy/comedies, trophy/trophies, cavity/cavities *Proper nouns ending in consonant-y: You cannot change their spelling, so just add s.Ex: The Gundy family/the Gundys (not the Gundies!), There are two Circuit Citys (not Circuit Cities!), the McElvany family/the McElvanys (not the McElvanies!), Principal Geri Woody/ the Woodys (not the Woodies!)

22. Rules for Making Nouns PLURAL, continued Nouns ending in vowel-o: Add s Ex: radio(s), video(s), studio(s), Antonio(s), igloo(s), patio(s) Nouns ending in consonant-o: Add es* Ex: hero(es), tomato(es), potato(es), veto(es), torpedo(es) *Exceptions: Music words- piano(s), solo(s) *Other common exceptions: taco(s), photo(s)… For proper nouns ending in consonant-o, you can’t change their spelling, so just add s. Ex: the LoPresto family/the LoPrestos, the Alvarados For some nouns ending in consonant-o, add either s or es. Ex: tornado/tornado(s) tornado(es), motto/motto(s) motto(es), banjo/banjo(s) banjo(es)

23. Rules for Making Nouns PLURAL, continued Some nouns ending in f or fe: Drop the f or fe and add ves. Ex: knife/knives, leaf/leaves, shelf/shelves But…roof/roofs, safe/safes Some nouns have irregular plurals. Ex: child/children, tooth/teeth, goose/geese, woman/women, mouse/mice, ox/oxen Some nouns stay the same from singular to plural forms. Ex: one deer/two deer, one sheep/two sheep, one species/two species

24. Rules for Making Nouns PLURAL, continued Most compound nouns: Ex: notebook/notebook(s), disc jockey/ disc jockey(s), blueprint/blueprint(s), two-year old/two-year-old(s), Other compound nouns: Form the plural of the actual noun Ex: brother(s)-in-law Nouns from other languages use the plural form in the original language: Ex: alumnus/alumni, phenomenon/ phenomena Some nouns from other languages have two plural forms – an original one and an English one. The English one is preferred. Ex: index/indexes or indices, appendix/appendixes or appendices, cactus/cactuses or cacti, cherub/cherubs or cherubim

25. Rules for Making Nouns PLURAL, continued Use ‘s to form the plural of numbers, letters, symbols, etc. Ex. #1 There are two a’s in the word separate. (Without the apostrophe, the word a’s would look like as. Very confusing!) Ex. #2 Your i’s look like e’s. (Without the apostrophe, the word i’s would look like is.) Ex. #3 There are two 8’s in the address. The Civil War was in the 1860’s. I have several CD’s. (These are understandable with or without apostrophes.) FYI: Many grammar books allow eithersor‘swith example #3 (CDs or CD’s, 1860s or 1860’s). Grammar rules insist, though, on using ‘s with examples #1 and #2, when the absence of the apostrophe would cause confusion.

26. Rules for Making Nouns POSSESSIVE Singular nouns: Add ‘sEx: the player’s uniform, student’s car, the Jones family’s house, Sam’s cap, Francis’s baseball Plural nouns ending in s: Add ‘Ex: the players’ uniforms, the students’ cars, the Joneses’ house Plural nouns not ending in s: Add ‘sEx: the children’s uniforms, the women’s team, the men’s team Man, I wish I knew some little trick for checking my possessive forms after I write them!

27. Hey, Maynard, Moondoggie taught me to check my possessive forms by mentally circling everything to the left of the apostrophe. Then ask, “Is that what I’m talking about?”Try these: 1. Mom gave all of my (sister’s, sisters’) toys away after they got married. Hmm… sister’s… or… sisters’ … Am I talking about sister or sisters?Right! It’s “they,” so it’s sisters’.2. I can’t figure out all of this (computer’s, computers’) problems.Hmm… computer’s… or… computers’ …Am I talking about computer or computers? Right! It’s “this,” so it’s computer’s.

28. GUM 3.1.m.Use the correct forms of plural and possessive forms of nouns. My Plural Example Words: bikeschurcheskeysbabiesGundysradiosheroespianostornado(s,es)kniveschildrendeernotebooksbrothers-in-lawcactusesa’s My Possessive Example Words: the player’s uniform the players’ uniforms the children’s uniforms If I can memorize how to spell these words, I can remember each plural and possessive rule!

29. Participial phrase1. Phrase – a group of words without a subject and a verb2. Participial – beginning with a word that ends in –ing or –ed3. Aparticipial phrasealways functions asanadjectivein the sentence. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. What is a participial phrase?

30. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Taking into consideration my appearance, can you guess my name? Walking his dog, Arthur enjoyed the beautiful weather. Called “Spot” by all my friends, I have one beautiful black circle on my back. Tired from the walk, Arthur returned home.

31. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Gripping her surfboard with all ten toes Liz rode the wave to the shore. What is the best change, if any, to make to toes Lizin the above sentence? A. toes; LizB. toes, LizC. toes. LizD. No change.

32. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Won by Gidget the karate championship trophy was awarded in the gym. Which is the best change, if any, to make to Won by Gidget thein the above sentence? A. Won by Gidget, theB. Won by Gidget; theC. Won by Gidget. TheD. No change. Hey, I thought the first word in the participial phrase had to end in –ing or –ed! Won ends in –on. What’s that all about?

33. Yes, participial phrases do begin with words ending in –ing and –ed. Some –ed words, however, are irregular. Examples: The participial phrase is an adjective modifying the subject, trophy. Won by Gidget, the karate championship trophy was awarded in the gym.

34. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Write two original sentences beginning with intro. participial phrases. Start one with an “-ing” participial phrase and one with an “–ed” participial phrase.1.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

35. PASS GUM 3.2.b.8.Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases. At the foot of the bed, In the beginning of my dream, For the rest of the night, With the blanket around my shoulders,

36. Commonly Used Prepositionsabout, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (meaning except), by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without A preposition shows association, direction, location, or relationship. across on upon beside near in down beneath below under Compound Prepositionsaccording to, along with, apart from, aside from, as of, because of, by means of, in addition to, in front of, in place of, in spite of, instead of, next to, on account of, out of in front of in addition to next to A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase.

37. A preposition shows direction / location or association / relationship. Direction / Location Prepositions above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at,behind, below, beneath, beside,between, beyond by, down, in, inside, into, near, on, out, outside, over, past, through, throughout, toward, under, underneath up, upon, within There are no monsters above my bed, on my bed, behind my bed, beneath my bed, in my bed, on my bed, under my bed or upon my bed.

38. A preposition shows direction / location or association / relationship. Association / Relationship Prepositions for, with, about, during, until,from,without, as, before, like, of, since,to, besides. but (meaning except),except I had a dream during the night. (During makes a relationshipbetween the direct objectdream and the object of the preposition night.)

39. PASS GUM 3.2.b.8. Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases. --prep.phrase-- -----prep. phrase---- sub. verb adj. With a look of confidence, Liz operated the ------direct object---- adverbcash register expertly. A “succession” of introductory prepositional phrases just means that there are two or more at the beginning of the sentence. Don’t put the comma in until the end of the succession of prepositional phrases.

40. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. I am, in fact, already playing a game, Gidgie. Wanta play a game, Maynie? This is, indeed, very fun! You are, I believe, correct. Let’s play! Well, you did, after all, come over to spend time with me, Maynie.

41. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. What? Why are they called “parenthetical expressions”? That’s easy! They are like little explanatory expressions that sound as if they could be in parentheses. Get it? “parentheses…”“parenthetical…” We don’t, of course, really use parentheses around parenthetical expressions; we set them off with commas. A writer should (after all) be able to hear the interruption when (for example) a parenthetical expression is used.

42. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Commonly used parenthetical expressions: after all, at any rate, by the way, consequently, for example, for instance, however, I believe (hope, etc.), incidentally, in fact, in general, in the first place, meanwhile, moreover, naturally, nevertheless, of course, on the contrary, on the other hand, that is, therefore Pinball, by the way, is a great game. Video games, on the other hand, bore me!

43. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Parenthetical expressions are “interrupters.” They plop down right in the middle of an independent clause, splitting it open. Yeah…parenthetical expressions can come between subjects and verbs, or they can come after the verb. parenthetical -------- subject---------- expression verb adj. dir. object Maynard Doo, by the way, plays video games --------prep. phrase------after school. See how ,by the way, splits the sentence in half right between the subject (Maynard Doo) and the verb (plays)!

44. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. subject --verb- direct obj. conjunctive adv. sub. adverb verbMoondog loves surfing; however, he also lovesdirect obj. (gerund phrase)singing in his band. Check it out: Independent Clause #1: Moondogloves surfing Independent Clause #2: he also loves singing in his band Conjunctive Adverb: ;however,

45. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly, additionally, also, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore Commonly Used Transitional Expressions as a result, at any rate, by the way, for example, for instance, in other words, in addition, in fact, of course, that is Independent clause: 1. Has a subject and verb2. Can stand on its own

46. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Moon-dawg, my man! I want to write some righteous lyrics for an awesome song, but, of course, one must have perfect grammar if one expects one’s tune to climb the charts. I noticed you listed of course and in fact as transitional expressions to be used between two independent clauses. Well, I thought of course and in fact were parenthetical expressions to be used as interrupters in the middle of one independent clause. Dude, lay an explanation on me!

47. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. They can be both. Look: sub. verbOlivia, of course,wants to sing.sub. verb sub. verbOlivialikes singing; of course,shelikes surfing also.sub. verbOlivia,in fact,enjoys all sports.sub. verb sub. verbOliviaplays basketball; in fact,sheis the best player on her team.

48. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Now you write two sentences, each with a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. 1.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

49. PASS GUM 3.2.b.42.Use ’s to make a singular noun possessive. Definitions and Examples1. ’s – apostrophe s2. Singular – one3. Noun – person (friend); place (school); thing (book); idea (frustration, happiness)4. Possessive – show ownership Ex: Singular noun – friend Singular possessive noun – friend’s phone

50. PASS GUM 3.2.b.42.Use ’s to make a singular noun possessive. Olivia’s weights / Liz’s skis / Gidget’s racquet