Seventh Grade English Benchmark Period Two Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics PASS Standards and Objectives

1. Seventh Grade EnglishBenchmark Period TwoGrammar, Usage, and MechanicsPASS Standards and Objectives

2. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb --------------direct object-----------------1. Lucky loves Angel and (I, me, myself). subject verb -------------indirect object---------------- direct obj.2.Lucky told Fishie and (I, me, myself) a story.subjectverb dir. obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/obj. of prep.)3.Lucky told a story to Angel and (I, me, myself). -----------------subjects------------------- verb direct obj.4. Angel and (I, me, myself) love Lucky. Can you select the correct pronouns?

3. PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly.Definitions and Examples1.Nominative pronouns – Used as subjects, predicate nominatives2.Objective pronouns – Used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition3.Possessive pronouns – Used to show possession I have a halo. They are crowding me. It is my fishbowl.

4. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. subject verb direct--------------------------- objectLucky loves Fishie and (I, me, myself). Lucky is the subject. Fishie and me are the direct OBJECTS. The direct object receives the action of the verb (love from Lucky). Since me is an “object,” you can’t use the pronoun I, which is a pronoun you use for “subjects.”

5. PASS GUM 3.1.c.Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. Dude, I don’t do it the hard way. I just eliminate the “Fishie and…” and listen for what sounds right. Listen… Lucky told I a story. Lucky told me a story. Lucky told myself a story. The answer is me. subject verb indirect--------------------------------object direct obj.Lucky told Fishie and (I, me, myself) a story.

6. subject verb direct obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/object of prep.)Lucky told a story to Angel and (I, me, myself). Subjects------------------------------------ verb direct obj.Angel and (I, me, myself) love Lucky. It’s easy; just mentally mark out the “compound element”: Angel and… Then you can listen for the correct pronoun answer! Lucky told a story to Angel and (I, me, myself). Angel and (I, me, myself) love Lucky.

7. PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. subject verb direct object After Maskeywrote his report, subject verb direct obj. direct obj. Bubchecked Maskey’s spelling and grammar. Maskey is so smart. Bub won’t find any mistakes on Maskey’s report. Maskey’s so goofy; it’ll take a year to proofread his report.

8. PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. subject verb direct obj. After Maskeywrote his report, A clause has a subject and verb (Maskeywrote). There are dependent and independent clauses. This one is dependent because it can’t stand alone.

9. PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. subject verb direct obj. direct object Bubchecked Maskey’s spelling and grammar. My clause also has a subject and verb (Bubchecked). This is an independent clause because it can stand alone.

10. PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. All of these are “subordinating conjunctions.” They are used to introduce adverb clauses. Common Subordinating Conjunctions after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, before, as though, if, in order that, because, once, provided that, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while Although I wear a mask, I am not weird!Before you touch a light bulb, turn off the light. Because I enjoy success, I use good punctuation.

11. PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. Write three sentences, each beginning with an introductory adverb clause. Use a different subordinating conjunction to start each sentence. 1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. PASS GUM 3.2.b.15. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. subject verb subject verb Money is clever; Timey is smart. Take time to write a compound sentence with a semicolon separating its two independent clauses; it’s very sophisticated! Watch me invest myself in subprime mortgages and unsecured hedge funds!

13. PASS GUM 3.2.b.15.Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. subject verb predicate adjective Money is clever; My independent clause has a subject and verb (Moneyis). Why is Money is clever;an independent clause? Hint: Two reasons

14. PASS GUM 3.2.b.15.Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. subject verb predicate adjective; Timey is smart. My independent clause also has a subject and verb (Timeyis). Why is Timey is smart.an independent clause? Yes! 1. It has a subject and verb. 2. It can stand on its own.

15. Write two sentences, each with two independent clauses separated by a semicolon. 1._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Riding on the rocket, Sherman crossed the continent in twenty minutes. Bored with his trip, Sherman returned home.

17. Participial phrase1. Phrase – a group of words without a subject and a verb2. Participial – beginning with a word that ends in –ing or –ed3. A participial phrase always functions as an adjective in the sentence. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. What is a participial phrase?

18. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Holding on to the rocket with one hand Sherman rode across the desert. What is the best change, if any, to make to hand Shermanin the above sentence? A. hand; ShermanB. hand, ShermanC. hand. ShermanD. No change.

19. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Broken, by a space bully, Sherman’s arm was not useful to him. Which is the best change, if any, to make to Broken, by a space bully,in the above sentence? A. Broken by a space bully,B. Broken by a space bully;C. Broken, by a space bully.D. No change. Hey, I thought the first word in the participial phrase had to end in –ing or –ed! Broken ends in –en.

20. Yes, participial phrases do begin with words ending in –ing and –ed. Some –ed words, however, are irregular. Examples: Participial phrase is an adjective modifying the subject, rocket. Kept safely in the hall closet, Sherman’s rocket was shiny and beautiful.

21. PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. Write two original sentences beginning with intro. participial phrases. Start one with an “-ing” participial phrase and one with an “–ed” participial phrase.1.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22. PASS GUM 3.2.b.8. Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases. --prepositional phrase--- ------prepositional phrase-------With a mixture of yellows and reds,subject verb direct object Corny’s kernels attract the attention ------------------prepositional phrase--------------------------------of people decorating for Thanksgiving. Hey, what does a “succession” of introductory prepositional phrases mean? Oh, a “succession” just means more than one.

23. PASS GUM 3.2.b.8.Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases. --prepositional phrase--- ------prepositional phrase------- With a mixture of yellows and reds,subject verb direct object Corny’s kernels attract the attention ------------------prepositional phrase--------------------------------of people decorating for Thanksgiving. Introductory participial phrase. Hey, pie – review time -- what kind of little three-word phrase is inside that last prepositional phrase?

24. Commonly Used Prepositionsabout, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (meaning except), by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without A preposition shows association, direction, location, or relationship. across on upon beside near in down beneath below under Compound Prepositionsaccording to, along with, apart from, aside from, as of, because of, by means of, in addition to, in front of, in place of, in spite of, instead of, next to, on account of, out of in front of in addition to next to A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase.

25. A preposition shows direction / location or association / relationship. Direction / Location Prepositions above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at,behind, below, beneath, beside,between, beyond by, down, in, inside, into, near, on, out, outside, over, past, through, throughout, toward, under, underneath up, upon, within The preposition connects a noun or pronoun with the object of the preposition. subject verb --prepositional phrase--Direction/Location: The hat fell behind the table. Location of hat? Behind table!

26. A preposition shows direction / location or association / relationship. Association / Relationship Prepositions for, with, about, during, until,from,without, as, before, like, of, since,to, besides. but (meaning except),except The preposition connects a noun or pronoun with the object of the preposition. Association/Relationship:subject verb prepositional phraseThe children played with the hat. How are children and hat related? Children played with hat!

27. PASS GUM 3.2.b.11.Use a comma to set off appositives / appositive phrases. subject appositive phrase Rudyard Kipling, an English author, wrote “Rikki-tikki-tavi.” Yes, little Grasshopper. Rikki-tikki-tavi saved the boy from the snakes. Master, is that the story about the brave little mongoose who fought Nag, the big cobra?

28. PASS GUM 3.2.b.11.Use a comma to set off appositives / appositive phrases. • An appositive phrase is a group of words that renames a noun or pronoun that comes right before it. • Phrase – Group of words without a subject and verb • Renames – Examples: Mark Twain, an American author / Sam, my best friend / a Jack Russell terrier, the cutest breed of dog / geography, my most difficult class

29. PASS GUM 3.2.b.11.Use a comma to set off appositives / appositive phrases. , the first President of the United States of America, George Washington

30. Almost always, Grasshopper. With some appositives, though, we don’t use a comma. • It is a very simple rule: • When it is a “nonessential” appositive phrase (not needed to make the meaning clear, just extra information), we need commas. • When it is an “essential” appositive phrase (needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear) we don’t need the commas! Do we always use commas around an appositive phrase, Master? Wow. Don’t need appositive; do need commas. Do need appositive; don’t need commas. Crazy.

31. What if at the circus the police officer said… like… um… “Somebody kidnapped the dancing poodles and escaped on the tiny tricycle!” Then the Flying Fortunas might say, “It was the clown Sassy who pedaled away with Fifi and Pierre!” We would need the appositive Sassy, wouldn’t we! Without it, we’d be asking, “Which clown?” Now, we do need the appositive, so we don’t need commas. Right? You are a grammar force with which to be reckoned, young Grasshopper.

32. PASS GUM 3.2.b.11.Use a comma to set off appositives / appositive phrases. • subject ---------------appositive phrase---------------------Bats the only mammals capable of flight are present • throughout the world. • Where would a writer need to put commas, if at all, in the above sentence? • after BatsB. after Bats and mammalsC. after Bats and flightD. No change.

33. PASS GUM 3.2.b.11.Use a comma to set off appositives / appositive phrases. -------subject----------- -------------------appositive phrase-----------Carrie Underwood the winner of the fourth season of-----------------------American Idol sold seven million copies of her debut album Some Hearts. What is the best change, if any, to make to Carrie Underwood the winner of the fourth season of American Idol in the above sentence?A. Carrie Underwood, the winner of the fourth season of American Idol B. Carrie Underwood the winner of the fourth season of American Idol, C. Carrie Underwood, the winner of the fourth season of American Idol, D. No change. The independent clause is about Carrie selling 7 million albums. American Idol is nonessential. Comma it, dude.

34. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. What are they? They’re like little side remarks. You know, they’re like little interrupters. What does that mean? Oh! Like SHUT UP! and WHATEVER! No, I mean like of course and by the way. OOOOHHH! Like when you say, “He is, after all, just a puzzle piece!” Uh huh.

35. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Why are they called “parenthetical” expressions? They are like little explanatory expressions that sound as if they could be in parentheses. Get it? “parentheses…” “parenthetical…” We don’t, of course, really use parentheses around parenthetical expressions; we set them off with commas. A writer should (after all) be able to hear the interruption when (for example) a parenthetical expression is used.

36. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. Commonly used parenthetical expressions: after all, at any rate, by the way, consequently, for example, for instance, however, I believe (hope, etc.), incidentally, in fact, in general, in the first place, meanwhile, moreover, naturally, nevertheless, of course, on the contrary, on the other hand, that is, therefore My pet, by the way, is a Florida alligator. My owner, on the other hand, is a Florida orange.

37. PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off parenthetical expressions. You know how an alligator bites a stick in half? These parenthetical expressions do the same thing to an independent clause. They split it in half. parenthetical -------- subject--------- expression verb dir. object --prep. Smiley Citrus, by the way, is the owner of phrase----------------------three alligators. See how ,by the way, splits the sentence in half right between the subject (Smiley Citrus) and the verb (is)!

38. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. subject --verb- direct obj. conjunctive adv. sub. verbAndre loves soccer; however, he also lovesdirect object.singing. Independent Clause #1: Andre loves Independent Clause #2: he loves Conjunctive Adverb: ;however,

39. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly, additionally, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore Commonly Used Transitional Expressions in other words, for example, for instance, in fact, as a result, that is Independent clause: 1. Has a subject and verb2. Can stand on its own

40. PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma. Now you write two sentences, each with a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. 1.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

41. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Well, what is a run-on sentence? I’ve been hearing about it since 3rd grade. It’s when you write what are really two sentences, but you run them together without proper punctuation. Run-on Sentence – Two or more sentences written as if they were a single sentence.

42. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. • The atom is the smallest unit of an element, it retains the chemical properties of that element. • What is the best change, if any, to make to element, it in the above sentence? • element itB. element; itC. element, ItD. No change. Hmm… Two independent clauses… s-v/s-v… atom is / it retains… Hmm… can’t join 2 indep. clauses with a comma… The answer is B!

43. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Yeah, it’s when you write a sentence that can’t stand on its own. It’s just part of a sentence. Do you know what a “fragment” is? Sentence Fragment – Part of a sentence that is written as if it were a complete sentence.

44. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Well, maybe we should review just what you have to have in a sentence. You need a subject (noun or pronoun). You need a verb (action or linking). That’s all. Then you can add some prepositional phrases, participial phrases, adjectives, direct objects, appositive phrases, and stuff like that.

45. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Yes, now these are sentences. Subject and verb – then whatever else you want to add… subject verbThe key fell. subject ---verb-- direct objectThe key opened the door. adjective adj. subj. -verb--- ---prepositional phrase--The beautiful brass key melted in the molten lava.------participial phrase-------- subj. ----verb---- --prep. phrase--Tucked under the bed, the key was lost for a month.----introductory adverb clause---- subj. -----verb-------After it fell under the bed, the key was found.

46. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. Repair the sentence fragments. 1. Originating from a Greek word which means “uncuttable,” the atom, or “something which cannot be divided further.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Although single atoms have been far too small for scientific applications.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

47. PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and fragments. • Repair the sentence fragments. • The nucleus, containing positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • The development of this instrument thus allowing the exact mass of atoms to be measured.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

48. PASS GUM 3.3.b.Identify and correct misplaced modifiers. This is a “modifier.” This adjective participial phrase “modifies” the subject. Determined to reach the summit, the storm did not prevent Paddy from climbing to the top. Paddy, dude, you have a misplaced modifier! Let me point it out to you so that you will not be ridiculed by your fellow climbers. Whoa, Hans, I remember that storm. Dude, was so scary, but I was determined to reach the summit!

49. PASS GUM 3.3.b.Identify and correct misplaced modifiers. This is bad! The modifier is right next to the word “storm.”Determined to reach the summit, the storm did not prevent Paddy from climbing to the top. Paddy – not the storm -- is “determined to reach the summit.” Determined to reach the summit, Paddy did not let the storm prevent him from climbing to the top. Ahhh…this is better! Now the modifier is right next to Paddy, the noun it actually “modifies,” or describes.

50. PASS GUM 3.3.b.Identify and correct misplaced modifiers. The coach congratulated the girls for playing well as she handed them the championship trophy. Is this one OK? Hmm… subject is coach… verb is congratulated… direct object is girls… for playing well is prepositional phrase…