The Emergence of Greek Civilization

1. The Emergence of Greek Civilization Importance of the sea No national identity as Greeks but people did identify with their cities Europe and the Middle East did not develop in the same way. No Mesopotamian cities, temples, palaces, no Egyptian bureaucracy in Europe

2. Emergence cont�d In Europe, possessions meant social status Warrior culture. Chiefs ruled small territories, fought each other, hunted, engaged in athletic competitions, feasted Burial customs = chiefs buried under mounds of earth and/or stone

3. Amateur Archaeologists A.D. 1870s Heinrich Schliemann discovered the sites of Troy and Mycenae. A.D. 1900 Sir Arthur Evans discovered the palace at Knossos, Crete. Palace is his word. We are still not exactly sure what role this structure played in the economic and religious system of the area.

4. Minoan Crete Crete probably 1st occupied around 2500 B.C. via Anatolia (modern day Turkey). around 2000 B.C. the structures which Evans called palaces started to be built. Palaces included residential and storage space.

5. Writing I Linear A = 1700 B.C. Linear B 1450 B.C. (the arrival of the Mycenaeans on Crete) Linear A and B were not like the Ancient Greek which we study today. Linear A has never been deciphered. Linear B is recognizable as an early form of Greek.

6. Writing 2 writing used for palace inventories. Much of it has been destroyed because it was written on perishable materials like clay tablets, animal skin and tree bark.

7. New Ancient Greek Alphabet New Greek alphabet circa 750 B.C. = our Ancient Greek but with unusual Homeric forms Adopted later by the Romans and some letters become part of our alphabet.

8. Linear A and Linear B

9. Early Greece Bronze age 2500-1200 B.C. Minoan Age 2200-1400 B.C. Mycenaean age 1600-1100 B.C.

10. Religion Religious worship took place in caves and on mountain tops. Great Mother Goddess holding snakes symbol of divinity

11. Crete conquered by Mycenaeans Circa 1450 B.C. Mycenaeans bring in their language Linear B Knossos = important centre until 1200 B.C.

12. Homer 8th century B.C. 1 man or a collection of unknown people. Oral tradition kept alive the tales of Mycenaean times such as the Trojan war (1200 B.C. if it existed at all).

13. Homer 2 Homer is reputed to have written both the Iliad and Odyssey Odyssey covers time after Iliad so it was probably written after Iliad Legend has it that Homer was blind Many cities claim him as their son

14. The Archaic Age 850-700 B.C. Trade began anew between Greece and Middle East Desire for luxury goods, grain, lumber, metal, slaves Greeks trade with Etruscans in Italy and with Egyptians

15. Hesiod Also 8th century We learn about his personality. He was crabby, hated his village, hated women, hated his brother for taking a larger share of inheritance than he was entitled to. Identifies himself as the author of the work, not the Muses. Wrote Theogony = birth of Olympian gods and Works and Days (proper times of year for certain agricultural tasks).

16. Marriage+Oikos Marriages were arranged. Men of 30 married teenager half their age and had to instruct these young girls in how to run a household. Women were legal minors for their whole lives in most of Greece except in Sparta where there could choose their own husbands, own property, even have relations with a man who wasn�t their husband if it meant there was a chance of producing athletic children. Infant mortality and death in childbirth were common. A girl had to have a dowry if she had a hope of marrying. Oikos= husband, wife, children, slaves and house w piece of property. Income from farm and income brought in by wife as dowry. A wife gave orders to the slaves but husband gave orders to everyone. It wasn�t an equal partnership.

17. Marriage+Oikos cont�d If wife left, dowry did leave with her and she went back to father�s house for him to find new husband. If her husband died, she also went back to dad�s house. Reputation: Greece was always a shame culture. Everyone knew everyone else�s biz and commented upon your comings and goings. If someone in your house was not a capable managerof money or was unchaste, this was known to all and would affect the chances that anyone would want to marry into your family. Adultery was so serious that a man could kill his wife and her lover. No questions asked. Men�s club atmosphere. All own property, all farmers, all fight together as hoplites in the phalanx, all support each other in lawsuits.

18. Persian Wars Marathon 490 B.C. Athenians victorious over Persians Thermopylae 480 B.C. Spartans slaughtered by Persians. The rest of the Greeks retreat. 480 B.C. Sparta, Corinth and Athens lead Greek League against Persians at sea battle of Salamis. Greek League victorious. 479 B.C. Plataea decisive battle. Persian general killed. Battle was directed by Sparta

19. After the Persian Wars After the Persians retreat, Athens forms Delian League to guard against future invasions and to free Greek cities still under Persian rule Delian League 1st was between equals but later allies were forced to join Delian League becomes Athenian Empire

20. Peloponnesian Wars Athens and allies vs Sparta and allies. �First� Peloponnesian War 461/460-446 B.C. Pericles 495-429 B.C makes a peace treaty with Sparta in 445 B.C. The Peloponnesian War Athens vs. Sparta 431-404 B.C.

21. Peloponnesian Wars cont�d Peace of Nicias 421 B.C. Sicilian Expedition 415-413 B.C. disaster for Athens 404 B.C Athens surrenders to Sparta 404-403 B.C. Thirty Tyrants and then return of democracy to Athens

22. Tragedians Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Sophocles 496-406 B.C. Euripides 480-406 B.C.

23. The Parthenon constructed circa 447 - 432 B.C. architects Iktinos and Kallikrates beautiful images of sculpture adorn the frieze� Main themes of sculpture on Parthenon = myth�l scenes of irrational creatures like Centaurs, Amazons, foreigners like Trojans, Giants vs rational Gks. The sculpture also shows how Greece has been blessed by the gods Zeus, Athena and Hephaestus with wisdom, power and technical skills.

24. Institutions of Athens: Words to Remember Deme = district Hoplite = heavily armed foot soldier Metic = resident alien (i.e. foreigner) not E.T. Ecclesia = Assembly Boule = Council, Council of 500 Agora = marketplace Archon = an elected official Strategoi = generals Areopagus = homicide court Old Athenian men loved jury duty because they were paid to attend.

25. The Hellenistic Period 359 B.C. Accession of Philip II 338 B.C. Athens was defeated at the battle of Chaeronea 336 B.C. Accession of Alexander 334 B.C. Battle of the Granicus River (victory of Alexander) 333 B.C. Battle of Issus (victory of Alexander)

26. The Hellenistic Period cont�d 331 B.C. Battle of Gaugamela 327-325 B.C. Conquest of India 323 B.C. death of Alexander

27. Life in the Hellenistic Era Just as in the Classical Era, wealthy people were expected to perform public works. Federal leagues gave people the chance to marry anyone within the group of cities, to move within the territory and still keep civic rights, own property. In the past a woman without a dowry would have been a spinster but now she could move to another Greek city and find a husband and a young man who wanted adventure could move form his home polis to a new Greek city in Asia Minor. Women in demand as wives for Gk colonists in the new cities founded by Alexander in Greece and Asia minor. A woman could ask that husband not have a mistress and even take back her dowry if she could prove his infidelity. Uncertainty because colonists were far away from Greece. They started to pray to Fortuna = fate.

28. Alexandria Founded 331 B.C. Location and royal patronage made it the commercial and cultural capital of the Hellenistic world Museum = a research institute founded 300 B.C. by Ptolemy Soter I who also built the great library Location of Alexander�s tomb