Transparent Urban Structures Enabling Capability Program BAA 07-035 Industry Brief

1. 1 Transparent Urban StructuresEnabling Capability ProgramBAA 07-035Industry Brief

2. 2 Transparent Urban Structures (TUS) Determine Intent of Structures: Detect and classify threats inside buildings and underground Map the urban terrain in three dimensions, inside and out Process the data to make it understandable and actionable Get the right data to the right user quickly Make urban man-made structures transparent

3. 3 User Perspective - Current Example Patrol assigned mission to locate and destroy a cache Results 20 houses searched 200 innocent locals disturbed and possibly irritated 4 hours wasted NOTHING FOUND This is a hypothetical example to illustrate the point that operations are often hindered by a lack of information.This is a hypothetical example to illustrate the point that operations are often hindered by a lack of information.

4. 4 Patrol assigned mission to locate and destroy a cache Results 2 houses searched 0 innocent locals disturbed and possibly irritated 1 hour productively spent 2 significant caches discovered, exploited, and destroyed 7 insurgents captured with evidence that will cause them to actually be convicted User Perspective - Example with TUS This is a hypothetical example to illustrate the possible effect that the increased information provided by TUS could have, resulting in more effective operations.This is a hypothetical example to illustrate the possible effect that the increased information provided by TUS could have, resulting in more effective operations.

5. 5 User Desires Observe and Orient portion of decision cycle vastly enhanced Actions can be focused on identified enemy locations, allowing for more surgical operations Decreased troop-to-task because of better information Better relations with the locals because of increased effectiveness and because you are hassling them less Less ability for the enemy to egress from or ambush CF forces while conducting operations.

6. 6 Focus Expeditionary unit focus Marine Corps SOCOM Navy Expeditionary Combatant Command Relevant to: Global War on Terror Distributed operations

7. 7 TUS General Program

8. 8 TUS: Distinguishing Features Addresses need for tactical Marine Corps solution Small form factor narrow view and wide area sensor systems Intuitive and tactically relevant display technology Convert �blobology� to actionable intel Activity classification behind walls in small form factor Determine intent of personnel behind walls Integration of all forms of Intel to make determination Sensor development by understanding phenomenology Unambiguous determination of number and location of personnel behind walls High resolution at low penetrating frequencies Development of waveform agile sensors Expanded exploration of exploitable features Presence and location of weapons/explosives Fills key gaps in technology and performance limitations of current sensors not addressed by Army STTW and DARPA Visibuilding

9. 9 TUS Products Product 1: Sense Through Structures Sensor development informed by phenomenology Product 2: Image and Map Facilities Hardware and algorithms for 3D mapping of man-made structures Product 3: Decision Aids Planning, analysis and visualization technologies for penetrating sensors

10. 10 FY07 TUS Efforts High resolution UWB radar sensor using biometric classification Multiple beams for rapid scanning Differentiate animates by biometric signatures (posture sway, respiration, heart beat) Airborne/HMMWV impulse synthetic aperture radar sensor High resolution for ID of personnel and weapons Use interferometry to obtain third dimension Radar sensor for low frequency RF resonance signature analysis Development of resonance feature set and library at HF to UHF for various materials, unique shapes, and building features Joint acoustic and RF analysis of detecting and classifying objects behind walls Specific material ID based on acoustic induced vibration and RF polarimetry Multi-platform R&D effort using array of agile RF sensors for analyzing frequencies, waveforms, polarization, multipath, and platforms Development of high resolution low frequency RF sensor Phenomenology investigations and testing of high clutter sorting algorithms Passive sensing, geo-location and ID of unintended RF emitters emanating from within structures Underground structure detection using atom interferometer based gravity sensor Classify decisions by integrating STS data, existing intelligence, and geo-cultural/ontology information into activity pattern library for each structure

11. 11 The next three slides demonstrate the integration of the TUS products into an operational timeline. Wide area surveillance is performed by an airborne RF ultrawideband synthetic aperture radar (SAR) which can image through non-metallic rooftops and provide coarse detection of personnel and weapons caches. This same sensor can be vehicle mounted and used for ground level building penetration. A low frequency RF sensor operating in the HF/VHF bans is vehicle mounted to image coarse building layouts such as location of walls and hallways as potential underground structures. This system exploits the natural RF resonances of walls and voids to detect their sizes and extents. Once suspect regions and structures within are identified, fine-tuned sensors are brought to bear on confirming these initial detections.The next three slides demonstrate the integration of the TUS products into an operational timeline. Wide area surveillance is performed by an airborne RF ultrawideband synthetic aperture radar (SAR) which can image through non-metallic rooftops and provide coarse detection of personnel and weapons caches. This same sensor can be vehicle mounted and used for ground level building penetration. A low frequency RF sensor operating in the HF/VHF bans is vehicle mounted to image coarse building layouts such as location of walls and hallways as potential underground structures. This system exploits the natural RF resonances of walls and voids to detect their sizes and extents. Once suspect regions and structures within are identified, fine-tuned sensors are brought to bear on confirming these initial detections.

12. 12 Once buildings of interest have been identified, the next level of sensing commences. Small acoustic sensors are placed around buildings of interest to acoustically excite objects within the buildings. Object detection and material ID can be performed by classifying the RF signature using radar of the vibrating objects. Passive wideband sensors are emplaced around suspect buildings to �listen� for RF emitters, such as computers, cell phones, etc, which could provide an indication of the building�s use, i.e. enemy or non-combatant occupation. A vehicle mounted gravity sensor is used to locate underground structures such as tunnels and confirm those underground structures detected using the HF/VHF sensor. All sense data is networked to a master database which cross-references the raw data with all forms of intelligence that exists regarding the buildings of interest. Imagery is geo-rectified and fused with preexisting imagery. In addition, the sense data is used to enhance the geo-cultural library of information to identify anomalous behaviors in building usage patterns. For example, a building may be a school which ordinarily has large groups of children coming and going at all times of the morning and afternoons during the week. An anomaly may exist when a group of men enter in the evening after school hours. Once adequate reconnaissance has been performed close-in surveillance may begin. Once buildings of interest have been identified, the next level of sensing commences. Small acoustic sensors are placed around buildings of interest to acoustically excite objects within the buildings. Object detection and material ID can be performed by classifying the RF signature using radar of the vibrating objects. Passive wideband sensors are emplaced around suspect buildings to �listen� for RF emitters, such as computers, cell phones, etc, which could provide an indication of the building�s use, i.e. enemy or non-combatant occupation. A vehicle mounted gravity sensor is used to locate underground structures such as tunnels and confirm those underground structures detected using the HF/VHF sensor. All sense data is networked to a master database which cross-references the raw data with all forms of intelligence that exists regarding the buildings of interest. Imagery is geo-rectified and fused with preexisting imagery. In addition, the sense data is used to enhance the geo-cultural library of information to identify anomalous behaviors in building usage patterns. For example, a building may be a school which ordinarily has large groups of children coming and going at all times of the morning and afternoons during the week. An anomaly may exist when a group of men enter in the evening after school hours. Once adequate reconnaissance has been performed close-in surveillance may begin.

13. 13 Key to refining the interior view of the building is a high resolution ultrawideband RF sensor. This sensor will be soldier mounted and exploits human biometrics such as posture sway and respiration to locate static or dynamic personnel behind walls. Resolution is high enough to detect the presence of hand-held weapons and large weapons caches. An intuitive display is provided to the sensor�s user. Algorithms will be developed to disambiguate false through-the-wall detections caused by backscattering off walls and large objects within the building.Key to refining the interior view of the building is a high resolution ultrawideband RF sensor. This sensor will be soldier mounted and exploits human biometrics such as posture sway and respiration to locate static or dynamic personnel behind walls. Resolution is high enough to detect the presence of hand-held weapons and large weapons caches. An intuitive display is provided to the sensor�s user. Algorithms will be developed to disambiguate false through-the-wall detections caused by backscattering off walls and large objects within the building.

14. 14 FY08 TUS BAA 07-035 Gaps to be covered in FY08 program Methods for finding small weapons caches and explosives Intent determination of personnel detected within structures is facilitated by the presence of weapons and explosives Systems will provide standoff detection and location of hand-held firearms, small weapons, weapons caches and bulk explosives within structures May require exploiting characteristic features such as chemical, spectral or structural signatures of armaments in addition to raw high-resolution imagery Use of multisensor networking to improve resolution Image resolution and signature enhancement of object detection, localization and identification by a wireless network of multiple through-wall sensors functioning cooperatively providing multiple angle perspectives of the same scene Image resolution at RF frequencies is improved by coherent integration of raw sensor data Challenging for a wireless based network since sensor timing and position must be accurately known Intelligent collection methods The enemy is able to locate himself in amongst the population and the urban setting making it extremely difficult to distinguish between innocents and the enemy, or to strike the enemy kinetically without causing collateral damage Every searched structure that fails to result in useful intelligence, translates to time lost and unnecessarily disturbed innocent civilians Development of capabilities that will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of area search missions Sense-through-wall content from these ground sensors will be cohered with content obtained from other sensors and intelligence sources and propagated in real time to the appropriate levels of command.

15. 15 FY08 TUS BAA 07-035 (cont.) Urban information data base Warfighter accessible repository tool that integrates all forms and sources of urban information for a specified region of interest. The distributed data structure provides a map-grid indexed organization of all relevant data sources Exploiting the aggregation of these data products from different sources creates new useful data products for expeditionary forces Intuitive display technology Develop virtual environments and related algorithms that interpret the raw sensor data automatically and intuitively display the information appropriate for tactical operations. Convert �blogology� detections in raw RF imagery from cues in the raw radar sense data to a rendering of a virtual object (e.g. chair, human, construction feature) onto a simulated image of the building Virtual representations of building interiors will be embedded within available real imagery of the urban area, allowing a warfighter to have one seamless visualization environment Intelligence and command and control information will be embedded within the visualization to enable the display the mission critical information

16. 16 TUS 2007 Tentative Calendar