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European State-system

European State-system Augsburg-Westphalia-Viena-París & the Twenty-First Century The Empire, by definition “The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”, in 1648 The settlement of the Wars of Religion (and, incidentally the end of Spanish Hegemony in Europe)

Renfred
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European State-system

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  1. European State-system Augsburg-Westphalia-Viena-París & the Twenty-First Century

  2. The Empire, by definition“The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”, in 1648 • The settlement of the Wars of Religion (and, incidentally the end of Spanish Hegemony in Europe)

  3. A Giant Mish-Mash of sovereignties and suzereignty • The Simplified Version • The old schoolchild lesson • “In 1789, there were 1.789 independent entities in the Holy Roman Empire”

  4. The steps of Statehood -1- • The Peace of Augsburg 1555: “Cuius regio, eius religio” • Never trust sources: What about Transylvania?

  5. The Peace of Augsburg, 1555The end of the Medieval dream of world empire of Charles V • The limits of Imperial power

  6. Seen from the Imperial, Habsburg side

  7. The steps of Statehood -2- • The Peace of Munster and Westphalia, 1648: the generalization of the concept of independent sovereignty

  8. Westphalia, 1648 • The mutual recognition of sovereignty limited by frontiers and the right to full internal affairs

  9. Leo Belgicus (United Provinces)wins the Eighty Years’ Waragainst SpanishCrown(1568-1648)

  10. A Happy cliché for a new maritime power

  11. Winners & losers • Dutch East india Company Spanish Burgundy Flag

  12. Siege of Viena, 1683The effective end of Ottoman powerJohn III Sobieski (1629-1696), Elective King of Poland, the superhero of Christendom

  13. BUT SOON THE POLISH COMMONWEALTH (Poland-Lithuania) WILL CEASE TO BE A MAJOR POWER, ALONG WITH SWEDEN AND THEOTTOMAN EMPIRE

  14. Karlowitz, 1699The Turks begin to retrocede in Europe

  15. Peace of Utrecht, 1713Ends War of Spanish Succession • Losers> Old empires • Spain, • Sweden, • Poland • Ottomans • Winners> New Powers • Russia • Prussia • Austria

  16. The Sad Case of the Catalans1714The Archduke Charles; Rigaud’s rendering of the piercing of Barcelona’s defenses; a romantic, patriotic version for Catalan consumption

  17. The “SUCCESSION WARS”The uncounted “War of English Succession” 1688<<<< English and Scots Revolution in the Seventeenth CenturyExecution of Charles II Stuart, 1649; James II Stuart overthrown in “Glorious Revolution of 1688”; Old Pretender, born 1688, James Edward Stuart; “Bonnie Prince Charlie” Charles Edward Stuart; William of Orange (“Good King Billy”) and Mary II Stuart

  18. Hereafter,British “Balance of Power” • British composite Monarchy up to 1707 • Britain plays the field, always against France, or whatever strongest power on continent

  19. Crown of Aragon submitted to royal authority, 1707-1716Regne de València i l'Aragó: 29 de juny de 1707. Mallorca i les Pitiüses: 28 de novembre de 1715. Principat de Catalunya: 16 de gener de 1716.Battle of Almansa 1707

  20. Scotland submitted to royal authority, 1745Battle of Culloden; End of Jacobite threat to Hannover dynasty

  21. DYNASTIC STRUGGLES • Conflicts for control of Crowns bring down old powers

  22. Franco-British maritime struggle worldwide, 1689-1815

  23. New Powers:France wants continental primacyfrom Louis XIV to Napoleon IEXPANSION AT THE EXPENSE OF “SPAIN”Roussillon to French Crown, 1659

  24. New Powers: Prussia • The new model of a modern military State

  25. The Partitions of Poland • 1772, 1793, 1795, till Poland disappears from the map

  26. Revolution brings MAXIMUMFrench expansion, 1789-1814

  27. Congreso de Viena 1814-1815 • EL RETRATO DE LOS POTENTADOS Y NEGOCIADORES

  28. 1815-1985 • En el Congreso de Viena, España sale de Europa • No vuelve a participar en una guerra general europea • No entra ni en la Primera Guerra Mundial 1914-1918 (Portugal sí), ni en la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1939-1945 .Spain signs EU treaty 1985, enters as member 1986

  29. España, foco liberal hasta 1823 • Ocupaciones francesas 1808-1814 y 1823-1828

  30. 1820 Revolutions in Italyand Spanish 1812 Constitution • The notion of “Liberal” and “Patriot are generalized in Europe by the Spanish struggle of 1808-1814. • In 1820, liberal revoution in Spain spreads to Naples and Turin

  31. European Statehoodafter 1815

  32. Statehood and Diplomacy • Diplomacy= States talk to States (not chats among dynasts and their ministers) • Consular service recognized: how individual “private persons” talk to States; but also how States talk to “non-States” • Military becomes State service, although formally “to Crown”, who heads the “Nation” • The Russian imperial alternative

  33. Liberalism and Democracy • A written or unwritten constitution? • By popular sovereignty or granted by the monarch? • Who is ultimate depository of sovereignty: monarch or parliament? • Who gets to vote? Who gets to be elected? • Empires, United kingdoms, United provinces or republics

  34. The map changes 1859-1871big entities with internal divisionsMonarchical federalism as norm

  35. British Empire, 1914

  36. Turkish suzereignty and autonomy in Europe up to the Balkan Wars, 1911-1914

  37. PARIS PEACE TREATIES, 1919-23and the “Cordon Sanitaire” • LOTS OF LITTLE REPUBLICS WHERE BEFORE THERE WERE A FEW EMPIRES

  38. The “New Europe” • Another perspective

  39. Danish autonomy for Iceland, 1918 • Autonomy is a new version of suzereignty, adapted to circumstance of popular sovreignty

  40. Micro-states and autonomic régimes in Interwar Europe: saome “hotpoints”Fiume, Vilnius, Memel, Danzig, Aaland islands

  41. Free City of Danzig, 1920-1939under league of Nations supervision

  42. Intervened areas of Germany

  43. Catalunya autònomadins la II República espanyola, 1931-1939

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