Goals and Objectives

2. Goals and Objectives • Isolation • One of the primary strategic goals • Physically securing and maintaining the emergency scene by establishing perimeters • Denying entry • Evacuation or protection in place

3. Goals and Objectives • Isolation • Isolation perimeter • Outer perimeter • Boundary established to prevent access by the public • Established even before the material is positively identified

4. Goals and Objectives • Isolation • Initial Isolation Distance and Initial Isolation Zone • A distance within which all persons should be considered for evacuation in all directions • Circular zone defined by the ERG

5. Goals and Objectives • Isolation • Initial Isolation Distance and Initial Isolation Zone • A distance within which all persons should be considered for evacuation in all directions • Circular zone defined by the ERG

6. Goals and Objectives • Isolation • Protective Action Zone • Area immediately adjacent to and downwind from the initial isolation zone • Imminent danger within 30 minutes Protective Action Zone Initial Isolation Zone Spill 1/2 Downwind Distance 1/2 Downwind Distance

7. Goals and Objectives • Isolation • Hazard Control Zones • Hot • Exclusion • Warm • Contamination Reduction • Cold • Support

8. Goals and Objectives • Protection • The overall goal of ensuring the safety of responders • Use and wear appropriate PPE • Use decontamination procedures • Provide emergency medical care • Conduct preentry medical monitoring • Conduct safety assessments

9. Goals and Objectives • Protection • Rescue • Difficult strategy to implement for first responders to take • Fight the urge • Never rush to conduct a rescue without proper PPE, planning, and coordination • Decision made by the IC

10. Goals and Objectives • Protection • Awareness – Level Actions • Direct people to a safe area of refuge • Instruct victims to move to an area that is less dangerous • Direct contaminated or potentially contaminated victims to an isolation point • Decon area • Give directions to a large number of people for mass decontamination

11. Goals and Objectives • Protection • Operational – Level Actions • Conduct searches during reconnaissance or defensive activities • Conduct searches on the edge of the hot zone • Direct victims to the decontamination area • Assist with decontamination • Assist with the identification of victims • Give instructions to a large number of people for a mass decontamination

12. Goals and Objectives • Protection • Operational – Level Actions • Conduct searches during reconnaissance or defensive activities • Conduct searches on the edge of the hot zone • Direct victims to the decontamination area • Assist with decontamination • Assist with the identification of victims • Give instructions to a large number of people for a mass decontamination

13. Goals and Objectives • Protection • Exposure Protection • People • Most important exposure consideration • Isolation zones • Protecting the environment • Diking a storm drain • Protecting property • Not yet involved but threatened • Vapor suppression with a hose line

14. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Shovels • Building earthen dams • Salvage covers • Making catch basins • Charged hoselines • Creating diversion channels

15. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Operational level • Expected to take protective actions but not stop the release • Defensive confinement actions • Absorption • Adsorption • Blanketing / covering • Dam, dike, diversion and retention • Vapor suppression

16. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Absorption • Physical and/or chemical event occurring during contact between materials that have a attraction for each other • This results in one material being retained in the other • Sawdust • Clays • Charcoal • Material becomes contaminated

17. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Adsorption • Different from absorption in that the molecules of the hazardous material physically adhere to the adsorbent • Tend to not swell • Organic materials • Activated charcoal • Carbon

18. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Blanketing / Covering • Covering the spill to prevent dispersion of materials such as powders or dusts • Tarps • Plastic sheeting • Salvage covers • Foam • Be careful for interactions between materials

19. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Dike, Dam, Diversion and Retention • Underflow • Overflow • Construction of curbs • Divert away from drain

20. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Vapor Suppression • Action taken to reduce the emission of vapors • Firefighting foams • Miscible • Alcohol resistance (AR) • Application Methods • Roll-on • Bank-down • Rain-down

21. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Vapor Suppression • Firefighting Foams • Expansion Ratio • Is the volume of finished foam that results from a unit volume of foam solution • The greater the expansion ratio is, the thicker the foam blanket • Drain Time • Time required for ¼ of the total liquid to drain from the foam

22. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Vapor Suppression • Firefighting Foams • Selection of proper foam concentrate for vapor suppression is important • Do not cover water reactive materials • Water destroys and washes away foam blankets • Do not use water streams in conjunction with the application of foam • A material must be below its boiling point • Foam cannot seal vapors of boiling liquids

23. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Vapor Suppression • Firefighting Foams • If the film that precedes the foam blanket is not visible, the foam blanket may be unreliable • Reapply aerated foam periodically until the spill is completely covered

24. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Other Spill Control Tactics • Ventilation • Controlling the movement of air by natural or mechanical means • Removing or dispersing the airborne particles, vapors or gases • Equipment must be explosion proof if used in a flammable atmosphere

25. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Other Spill Control Tactics • Vapor Dispersion • Is the action taken to direct or influence the course of airborne hazardous materials • Pressurized streams of water from hoselines • Unattended master streams • Reduces the concentration • Must confine and analyze runoff water

26. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Other Spill Control Tactics • Dispersion • Involves breaking up or dispersing a hazardous material that has spilled on a solid or liquid surface • Uses both chemical and biological agents • Typically used on oceanic hydrocarbon spills • Often has the unfortunate effect of spreading the material over a wide area • May require approval from governmental agencies

27. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Other Spill Control Tactics • Dilution • Is the application of water to a water soluble material to reduce the hazard • Used mostly during decontamination operations • Increases the spill size

28. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Other Spill Control Tactics • Dissolution • The process of dissolving a gas in water • Only used for water soluble gases • Anhydrous ammonia • Chlorine • May create hydrochloric acid on the ground

29. Goals and Objectives • Spill Control / Confinement • Confinement Tactics • Other Spill Control Tactics • Neutralization • Raising or lowering the pH of corrosive materials to render them neutral (pH 7) • Sometimes difficult to do • Shifts to much in opposite direction • Conducted under the direction of individuals with expertise in this area

30. Goals and Objectives • Leak Control / Containment • Leak • The physical breach in a container through which the product is escaping • Leak Control • Stop or limit the escape • Contain the release by either • Keeping it in its original container • Transferring it to a new one • Overpack drum • Considered offensive actions

31. Goals and Objectives • Leak Control / Containment • Leak • The physical breach in a container through which the product is escaping • Leak Control • Stop or limit the escape • Contain the release by either • Keeping it in its original container • Transferring it to a new one • Overpack drum

32. Goals and Objectives • Leak Control / Containment • Considered offensive actions • Must be performed by at least a technician except • It can be turned off by a remote valve • It involves situations dealing with • Gasoline • Diesel • LPG • CNG • Must have operations level training and proper PPE

33. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • The strategy of minimizing the damage, harm and effect of fire at a haz mat incident • Typical fire control tactics • Controlled burn • Exposure protection • Withdrawal • Extinguishment

34. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Controlled Burn • A nonintervention control tactic • Personnel or environmental risks are determined to be too great for extinguishment • Let burn until product is consumed • Pesticides • Flammable liquids • Extinguish burning spills and leaks completely only when the flow of materials has been controlled • Use hoselines to decrease the intensity of the fire

35. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Exposure Protection • Preventing the spread of fire to nearby fuels • Buildings • Fog patterns • Containers • Tanks • Solid streams • 500-1,000 GPM • Do not assume that the relief valve is operating effectively or able to keep up with the increasing vapor pressure

36. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Withdrawal • May become a last resort if an incident • Rapidly deteriorates • Threat of explosion • BLEVE • Mass fire exists • Resources may not be available or are overwhelmed

37. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Extinguishment • Offensive control tactic • May be necessary to extinguish the fire before containing the material • Fire around a leaking gasoline tanker • Turning off a pressurized gas fire

38. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Water Fire Streams • Must avoid making the problem worse • Can dramatically increase the intensity of the spill • Solid streams • Can cause materials to spread / splash • Fog streams • Effective at suppressing vapors

39. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Portable Extinguishers • Limited by the method of application • Must get within a few feet of the fire • Too close for the operations level responder • Meant for small fires

40. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Foam Fire Streams • Finished foam can be effective for suppressing vapors and extinguishing many flammable liquids • Foam Principles • All foam concentrates in use today are of the mechanical type • They must be proportioned and aerated • Class A foam • Class B foam

41. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Foam Principles • Class B foam • Regular fluoroprotein • Regular AFFF • Will not extinguish polar solvents (alcohol-type) fuels • AR-AFFF • Separating • Creates barrier between fuel and burning vapors • Cooling • Lowers the temperature of fuel • Suppressing • Prevents the release of additional vapors

42. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • How foam is generated • Foam Concentrate • Liquid found in a foam storage container before the introduction of water • 1% • 3% • 6% • Foam Solution • Mixture in the proper ratio of foam concentrate and water before it is mixed with air

43. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • How foam is generated • Foam Proportioner • Device that mixes foam concentrate in the proper ratio with water • Finished Foam • Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution and after it leaves the nozzle or aerator

44. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • How foam is generated • Four elements of high quality foam • Foam concentrate • Water • Air • Mechanical agitation • Finished foam requires two stages • Water is mixed with the foam liquid • Aeration stage

45. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • How foam is generated • Foam appliances • Must hydraulically match each other • Unsatisfactory foam • No foam

46. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Specific Foam Concentrates • Regular Protein Foam • Virtually nonexistent • 3%-6% concentrations • Excellent water retention • High hear resistance • Fluoroprotein Foam • Combination of protein and synthetic based foam • Excellent for subsurface injection into a tank • Oleophobic (oil shedding) • 3%-6% concentrations

47. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Specific Foam Concentrates • Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) • Foam concentrate based on fluoroprotein foam technology with AFFF concentrate capabilities • 3%-6% concentrations • Multipurpose • Polar solvents and hydrocarbon fuels • Storage • Wide temperature storage ability • Premixable • Subsurface Injection • Plunge into fuel

48. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Specific Foam Concentrates • Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) • Created by the navy to increase effectiveness of extinguishing liquid fires on aircraft carriers • Project Light Water • Aqueous Film • Water is drained from the foam blanket • Floats on fuels • Completely synthetic • 1%, 3%, or 6% concentrations

49. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Specific Foam Concentrates • Alcohol Resistant AR-AFFF • Used on polar solvents • High-Expansion Foam • Special-purpose foam • Low water content • Concealed spaces • Fixed-extinguishing systems • Class A fire applications

50. Goals and Objectives • Fire Control • Specific Foam Concentrates • Emulsifiers • Mixes with fuel • Renders it non-flammable • Should only be used with fuels that are 1 inch or less in depth