Chapter 10- Renaissance and Discovery

1. Chapter 10- Renaissance and Discovery

3. The Renaissance in Italy Warfare- emperors versus popes Cities allowed to grow and prosper 5 Italian states The Duchy of Milan The Republic of Florence The Republic of Venice- merchant oligarchy The Papal States The kingdom of Naples

5. The Renaissance in Italy Florence- 4 social groups Grandi- old rich, traditional rulers Popolo grosso- newly rich merchants Popolo minuto- small business owners Paupers- 1/3 of population, no wealth Ciompi Revolt in 1378- chaos Cosimo de Medici- behind the scenes, Officer of Public Debt Signoria- council of guildmasters

6. The Renaissance in Italy Podesta- strongman to maintain order, authority, needed own support Condottieri- mercenary groups Dangerous jobs- assassination Birth of diplomacy- ambassadors Great wealth, backing of groups, papal support- led to Renaissance culture

7. The Renaissance in Italy Humanism- debate on meaning Basics- educational program focusing on rhetoric and scholarship Studied- Latin and Greek classics, early Church writings Studia humanitis- liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, moral philosophy) First humanists- writers Earlier studies set precedent but later Renaissance distinguished by secular topics, lay dominated

8. The Renaissance in Italy Went beyond summarizing past works Petrarch- Father of Humanism Involved in politics, studied and read Roman works, wrote poetry (sonnets to Laura) Critical and secular Dante Alighieri- Divine Comedy Boccacio- Decameron

9. The Renaissance in Italy Search for primary sources Goal- be wise, speak eloquently, know what is good and practice virtue Vergerio- On the Morals That Befit a Free Man- ideal of useful education, well rounded Castiglione- Book of the Courtier- practical guide for noble court Christine de Pisan

10. The Renaissance in Italy Emphasis on Greek learning and Plato Florentine Platonic Academy- informal group to revive Platonic works Platonism- focus on two worlds, human reasons Oration on the Dignity of Man- Mirandola

11. The Renaissance in Italy Lorenzo Valla- Donation of Constantine was untrue, caused controversy Civic humanism- humanist leadership in political and cultural life Ideal not reached, humanists seen as intellectual snobs

12. The Renaissance in Italy New perspective on life- laity increasingly important, rise in national sentiment, worldly view Art- observation of natural world and emotions New technology- oil paints, shading and perspective

13. The Renaissance in Italy Giotto- Father of Renaissance painting

14. The Renaissance in Italy Masaccio

15. The Renaissace in Italy Donatello

16. The Renaissance in Italy Da Vinci- painter, engineer, scientist

17. The Renaissance in Italy Raphael- loved, School of Athens

18. The Renaissance in Italy Michelangelo- glorification of human form, David, Sistine Chapel Mannerism- expression of feelings

19. Italian Politics Alliance of city-states for protection from Turks Internal disagreement led to France intervention Charles VIII came to aid of Milan against Florence Savonarola in charge of Florence, religious fanatic, eventually ousted Ferdinand of Aragon fearful of French-Italian alliance so joined Venice-Papal states Milan realized mistake and backed out

20. Italian Politics Louis XII joined with Pope Alexander VI System of favors and corruption Louis took over Milan, divided Naples with Spain Pope Julius II- warrior pope (Erasmus) Take back power and land from France- not easy Concordat of Bologna- French authority of choosing clergy

21. Italian Politics Political chaos and artistic peak Machiavelli- ends justifies means Romanticized Roman history and wanted a united Italy Saw need for strong dictator The Prince (1513)- satire?, meant for Lorenzo de Medici

22. Monarchy in N Europe Shift from feudal division to national sovereigns Towns allied with kings Monarchs act as separate from nobility Royal ministers/agents work for the national sentiments Standing national armies Levy taxes- creative, not nobles

23. France Made great by kings and strong advisors Defeat of England and Burgundy Louis XI ended kingdom with twice as much land, increase in manufacturing, expanded trade, control of nobles Weakened after Louis

24. Spain Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon joined for power Conquered Moors, secured borders, allegiance with league of cities Total control of Spanish church- choice of clergy and conversion/exile for non Christians Good marriage alliances Exploration

25. England Internal conflict- War of the Roses Lancasters vs. Yorks Henry Tudor- Henry VII Court of the Star Chamber to control nobles Used to further monarchy and end control of nobility

26. Holy Roman Empire Resistance to unity Golden Bull- electoral college, elect emperor Reichstag established- national assembly Internal disagreement continued

27. Northern Renaissance Imports of Italian learning and art Northern humanists- more diverse group, appealed to lay groups, printing allowed spread Printing press- books more economical Johann Gutenberg- movable type Increases in literacy- decreases in absolute authority Pamphlets and propaganda

28. Northern Renaissance Desiderus Erasmus Published etiquette, proverbs Wanted to unite classical ideals and civic virtue with Christianity Philosophy of Christ- don�t let doctrine, ritual overcome ideals Church reaction

29. Northern Renaissance Humanism in Germany- Reuchlin affair Reuchlin- scholar, Hebrew grammar, attacked Ideas came to England through universities Thomas More- Utopia Humanism used in Spain to continue Catholic repression

30. Exploration Prince Henry the Navigator Gold and spices Bartholomeu Dias- Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama- sail to India Spanish- Atlantic Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan

31. Exploration Spanish gov�t- imprint Catholicism, economic dependence, hierarchical social structure Columbus- Taino Indians Mesoamerica- Olmecs, Mayans, Aztecs, Incas Aztecs- sacrifice, Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma II

32. Exploration Incas- Francisco Pizarro, Atahualpa Advanced weapons, disease Missionaries to save the natives- convert to Catholicism Bartolome da las Casas- opposition to treatment, �Black Legend� Church upheld system, landownership

33. Exploration Mining, agriculture and shipping- economy Conquistadors- silver real wealth, gov�t monopoly Hacienda- Spanish owned, natives worked, secondary to mining Plantation was unit- sugar Encomienda system- grants of rights of labor (hundreds)

34. Exploration Decline led to repartimiento- number of days of work owed Debt peonage- free labor forced to buy from land owners 25 million to 2 million Question wisdom of the ancients Enlightenment thinkers- noble savage New wealth- capitalism