Ch. 10 The Renaissance and Discovery

1. Ch. 10 The Renaissance and Discovery

2. Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? • Geographic Reasons • Italy is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, making trade between the Middle East and Africa easy. • Italy is located in the middle of Europe, making it easy for ideas to spread from the rest of Europe to Italy. • Rome served as a reminder of the classics of ancient Rome, inspiring Renaissance thought. • Resources were available in Italy.

3. Why Italy? • Social Reasons • Humanism placed an emphasis on the achievements of the individual. • Secularism made people appreciate the things in the world more. • Philosophy and education became widely appreciated.

4. Why Italy • Economic  Reasons • The merchant class brought great wealth to Italy through trade. • The House of Medici helped restore Florence and, eventually, start the Renaissance. • A decline in manorialism allowed the average person more opportunity for advancements in salary. • The wealthy became patrons of the arts. • Other reasons: • The Hundred Years’ War left France and England preoccupied, explaining northern Europe’s failure to start the Renaissance

5. .What events affected the Renaissance? • The Crusades (c.1045-1200)–> opened trade routes to the East; increased demands for luxury items; cities and towns grew from trade • Rise of Italian Merchants (c.1200-1400)–> trade in Mediterranean increased; merchants became wealthy and patronized the arts; cities and towns grew and thrived  • Rise of Secularism–> increased demand for foreign products (ex. silk and spices) • Commercial Revolution (c.1400-1500)–> development of different trade practices like mercantilism; increased desire for global trade; banking and coinage used • Technological Advancements and Expansion–> increased desire for new trade routes; better ships and navigational devices developed • Age of Discovery (c.1400-1600)–> New World discovered; decline of Italian trade in the Mediterranean; end of the Renaissance

6. Italian City States 5 Major States Dutchy of Milan Republic of Venice Republic of Florence Papal States Kingdom of Naples

7. The Renaissance in Italy 1375-1527 • Treaty of Lodi (1454-1455) was a fragile alliance between city-state of Naples, Milan, and Florence and their rivals, Venice and the Papal States • Cosimode Medici (1389-1464) was a wealthy Florentine who manipulated elections and influenced the local council, Signoria, • Lorenzo the Magnificent ruled Florence with a totalitarian regime from 1478-1492 • Later Florentine leader Piero de Medici allied with Naples against Milan in 1494 • He was exiled after handing Pisa and other Florentine possessions over to Charles VIII of France

8. The Renaissance in Italy 1375-1527 • The Visconti Family Rule in Milan 1278 and Sforza family took over in 1450 • Both ruled without constitutional restraint or political competition • A Sforza, Ludovico il More appealed to French in 1494 for aid against the Naples and its allies, • An appeal that resulted in France’s acquisition of Florence, Charles VIII • League of Venice- Ferdinand of Aragon created a counter alliance to protect Venice, Milan, and Papal states, and Emperor Maximilian I from France

9. The Renaissance in Italy 1375-1527 • Girolanmo Savonarola (1452-1498) a radical Dominican monk, convinced a mob of Florentines to exile Piero de Medici • claimed that France’s victory was divine justice • Savonarola ruled Florence until his imprisonment and execution in 1498 • Venice- was an exception to the trend of despotic rule. It was ruled by a merchant oligarchy, a 300 member senate, and Judicial council

10. Humanism • Believed in well rounded education expressed in Baldassare Castiglione Book of the Courtier • Humanists espouse a program of study that included rhetoric, politics and moral philosophy, poetry, history, and that embraced classical and biblical sources • Florentine Platonic Academy arose under the patronage of Cosimo de Medici to enable humanists to devote their attention to Plato and Neoplatonist

11. Humanism • Scholars consider Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) the father of humanism • Other important works: • Divine Comedy: Dante Alighieri • The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) • The Prince : Machaivelli • New techniques like chiaroscuro and linear prospective were implemented by Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Raphael (1483-1520)

12. The Northern Renaissance • Supported by Brother of Common Life, a lay religion movement based in the Netherlands • Mostly interested in Religious reform • Convey their ideas as a result of Johann Gutenberg invention of moveable type in 1450 • Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536) most famous northern humanist tried in his writings to unite the classical ideal of civic virtue with Christian ideals • His works embraced anticlerical views and satirized religious superstition • He translated new testament in to Greek, then into Latin

13. Northern Renaissance • The English Humanist Thomas More is best known for Utopia • A critique of society that envisioned an imaginary society based on tolerance and communal property • Miguel de Cervantes, a Spaniard, wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha in 1605. • In it, Cervantes criticizes the outdated practice of chivalry. This novel is considered the first great European novel. • William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was one of the greatest playwrights of all time • Some of his most famous plays include Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

14. Trade Routes Continued Hanseatic League (a.k.a. the Hansa) • formed by Northern European cities as a way to compete with Italian trade • incorporated most of the Baltic and North Sea ports, along with cities in  Scandinavia, Russia, Germany, and other European countries • land transport increased and ship traffic rivalled that of Italy • Baltic Sea considered “Scandinavian Mediterranean” because of the large amount of trade that took place there • traded cloth, metal, fish, animal skins, furs, tar, timber, and turpentine • created a monopoly of Northern European trade • fell apart in the early 1600s • Some cities where Venetian and Hanseatic trade routes met were Bruges (Belgium), Marseilles (France), Venice (Italy), and London (England). 

15. Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West • Explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan, and Henry the Navigator sought to conquer unknown worlds and bring riches and supplies back to Europe • The effects of discoveries on the culture and history of conquered peoples frequently involved exploitation and in some cases complete destruction

16. Da Vinci- Mona Lisa

17. Da Vinci- Last Supper

18. Michelango

19. Michelangelo- David

20. Raphael- School of Athens

21. Boticelli

22. Filipo Brunelleschi