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FIRST AID BASICS

FIRST AID BASICS. Everyone should know how to:. 1. Recognize injuries 2. Control bleeding 3. Know how to care for burns 4. Care for muscle, bone and joint injuries 5. Care for sudden illnesses. EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS . CHECK CALL CARE. CHECK THE SCENE. Is the scene safe?

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FIRST AID BASICS

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  1. FIRST AIDBASICS

  2. Everyone should know how to: • 1. Recognize injuries • 2. Control bleeding • 3. Know how to care for burns • 4. Care for muscle, bone and joint injuries • 5. Care for sudden illnesses

  3. EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS • CHECK • CALL • CARE

  4. CHECK THE SCENE • Is the scene safe? • What happened? • How many people are injured? • Are there bystanders who can help?

  5. NOTE: Obtain Consent • From all mentally competent, conscious adult victims • Parent or guardian of minors or emotionally disturbed victims • If not available, first aid care must be given without consent. • If a victim is unconscious, badly injured or so ill that he/she cannot respond, consent is implied.

  6. CALL 911 In the Following Circumstances • The victim is unconscious • Has trouble breathing • Has chest pain or pressure • Is bleeding severely • Has severe pain in the abdomen • Is vomiting or passing blood • Has seizures, a severe headache, or slurred speech • Appears to have been poisoned • Has injuries to the head, neck or back • Has possibly broken bones • Victim cannot be moved easily

  7. When calling 911, have the following information ready • Location of the emergency with cross-streets • Phone number from which you are calling. • What happened? • How many people are involved? • What is being done? • DO NOT HANG UP FIRST!!!

  8. CARE FOR THE VICTIM • Injuries are one of our nation's most important health problems. Most of us will have a significant injury at some time in our lives. Many injuries are preventable. • The five leading causes of injuries are: • Motor-vehicle accidents, • Falls, Poisonings, • Drowning, • Choking.

  9. BLOODY NOSE

  10. BLOODY NOSE • Bloody noses are not usually painful. • They can be caused from: • an injury • high blood pressure • altitude changes

  11. First Aid Treatment • Encourage them to breathe through their mouth. • Have victim sit dawn and lean forward with chin toward chest. • Pinch the nostrils together firmly for a full 15 minutes. • If bleeding continues, apply ice pack to bridge of nose. • Put pressure in the upper lip just below the nose. • If the bleeding continues after another 15 minutes, repeat steps one more time. • If there is still bleeding after 45 minutes, seek medical help.

  12. How to Make a Cold Compress • Put ice in a zip-lock plastic bag • Soak clean hand towel in cool water • Wring out the towel • Wrap the towel around the ice bag • Apply to area to reduce swelling, pain, or itchiness

  13. BURNS

  14. BURNS • Exposure to heat • Chemicals • Electricity • Radiation

  15. Critical Burns • Trouble breathing • Covers more than one body part • Covers the eyes • On genitals • Victim is elderly • For critical burns, call 911

  16. First Aid Treatment • Cool the burn immediately by immersing it in cold (not ice) water or placing it cold running water for at least 10 minutes. • A clean, cold, wet towel will reduce the pain. • For a minor mouth burn, victim can suck on ice.

  17. For Severe Burns • Do not remove pieces of cloth that stick to the burn. • Do not try to clean the burn. • Remove jewelry distal to the wound (tell the victim where you put the jewelry!). • Cover the burn with dry, sterile, non-adhesive dressing (separate toes and fingers).

  18. Take Steps to Prevent Shock • Lay the victim flat • Elevate feet 12 inches • Maintain normal body temperature • Monitor breathing, circulation, and bleeding until help arrives.

  19. CHOKING

  20. CHOKING • If victim can cough or talk at all, leave them alone (stay close and encourage coughing) • If their hands are at their throat and they cannot speak, call 911 and do abdominal thrusts.

  21. First Aid Treatment (Adult or child over 1 year old) • Call 911 • Identify yourself and ask them if you can help (get consent) • Do not let a coughing person go away by themselves to the bathroom! • When doing abdomina1 thrusts, stand behind the victim • Wrap your arms around the victim's waist

  22. Abdominal Thrust Problems • If too big (obese or pregnant), wrap arms under their armpits and do chest thrusts • If they are too tall, have them kneel. • If they are very short (or a child), you should do the kneeling.

  23. Abdominal Thrusts • Make a fist. Place the thumb side of your fist in the middle of victim’s abdomen, just above the navel and well below the breast bone. Grasp your fist with your other hand. • Keeping your elbows out, press your fist with a quick, upward thrust into the victim's abdomen. Each thrust is a separate attempt to clear the airway. • Continue performing this maneuver until the obstruction is cleared or the victim loses consciousness.

  24. If you are the one who is choking and you are by yourself: • Dial 911 from a land line (not a cell phone). • Get out where someone can see you. • Use the back of a chair or a table corner to give yourself abdominal thrusts.

  25. If Victim Becomes Unconscious: • Position victim on back. • Check the mouth to see if the object is visible (sweep it out with a finger) • Pinch their nose shut, tilt their head back, cover their mouth with yours. • Attempt to ventilate. • If unsuccessful on first try, reposition to open airway and try again. • If you still cannot ventilate, do abdominal thrusts:

  26. Abdominal Thrusts(Unconscious Victim) • Straddle the victim's thighs. • Place the heel of one of your hands against the middle of the victim's abdomen, just above the navel and well below the lower tip of the breastbone. • Place your other hand on top of your first hand. • Give up to 5 quick inward and upward thrusts.

  27. Check the victim's mouth and do a finger sweep to remove the object if it has been dislodged. • If breathing has not been restored, open airway and attempt to give two more breaths. • If breaths won't go in, give another series of up to 5 thrusts, check mouth, and ventilate. • Continue this sequence until help arrives.

  28. RESCUE BREATHING • This is a way to breathe air into someone’s lungs when they stop breathing. • Besides airway obstruction, there are other causes of lack of breathing: • Poison or drugs • Injury to the chest or lungs • Near drowning • Electrocution • Burns • Certain diseases or illnesses • Allergic reaction to insect bites or stings, or food • Shock • Heart attack or heart disease

  29. EXTERNAL BLEEDING

  30. First Aid Treatment • Always try to use a protective barrier. • Locate the source of bleeding. • Using a sterile dressing or clean cloth, apply direct pressure to the wound. • Raise the bleeding part above the level of the victim's heart if it does not cause more pain. • If bleeding doesn't stop or if you need to free your hands, apply a pressure bandage.

  31. Wounds Requiring Medical Attention • Bleeding that cannot be controlled • Deep injuries • Injury caused by dirty objects • Large or deeply embedded objects • Human or animal bites • Wounds that may cause a noticeable scar • Injury to the eye, eyelid or lip • Any injury where healing is in doubt • Any wound where infection may be or is present

  32. EYE INJURIES

  33. EYE INJURIES Foreign body in eye: • Gently flush eye with water. Chemical in eye: • Wash eye with water, flushing from nose outward. • Continue flushing until EMS arrives.

  34. Injury to eyeball: • Never put direct pressure on eyeball. • Place victim on his/her back. • Do not attempt to remove any objects that have entered eyeball. • Place a sterile dressing around object. • Stabilize any impaled object in place. • Get medical attention immediately.

  35. Blow to eye: • Apply cold compresses immediately and continuously for 20 minutes. • If eye discolors, pain persists, there is obvious bleeding in or around the eye, or vision is disturbed, seek medical help.

  36. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS

  37. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS • Fractures • Chipped or cracked bones or complete breaks. • Open fracture: involves an open wound. • Closed fractures: skin is unbroken. • Dislocations • A bone separated or displaced from its normal position at a joint, involves ligament damage. • There will be swelling, heat, pain, and redness. There may be deformity or loss of function. Just because you can move it, does not mean it’s not broken!

  38. First Aid Treatment • Call 911 if there is also bleeding. You still need to get them to the hospital if there’s a fracture. • Completely immobilize the injury before moving the victim. • Do not move a victim with a suspected injured hip, pelvis or upper leg unless necessary. • Do not attempt to straighten a suspected fracture or dislocation.

  39. Basic Principles of Splinting • Splint only if possible without causing more pain and discomfort • Splint an injury in the position you find it • Immobilize the fractured bone and the joints above and below the fracture • Check circulation before and after splinting • Treat for shock

  40. FROSTBITE

  41. FROSTBITE • Ice crystals form in body tissues (usually the nose, ears, chin, cheeks, fingers or toes) restricting blood flow to the injured part. • Symptoms: • Lack of feeling in affected area • Skin appears waxy • Skin is cold to touch • Skin is white, yellow, or blue

  42. First Aid Treatment • Cover affected area, handling gently • Never rub the affected area • Warm the area by soaking in warm water (not hot) • Do NOT let the affected area touch the bottom or sides of the warm water container • Keep it in the water until skin is pink and warm • Bandage area with dry, sterile dressing • If fingers or toes are frostbitten, place cotton or gauze between them • Avoid breaking any blisters • Seek medical help as soon as possible

  43. HYPOTHERMIA • Life-threatening • The body's warming mechanisms fail to maintain normal body temperature and the entire body cools. • If body temperature drops below 95 'F, the heart begins to beat erratically (ventricular fibrillation) and eventually stops. • Death then occurs.

  44. Signs and Symptoms: • Shivering (may be absent in later stages) • Slow, irregular pulse • Numbness • Glassy stare • Apathy and decreasing levels of consciousness

  45. First Aid Treatment • Remove any wet clothing and dry the victim. • Warm the body gradually. • Wrap the victim in blankets or put on dry clothing. • Move victim to a warm environment • If available, apply hot water bottles or heating pads. • If victim is alert, give warm liquids to drink (no alcohol!)

  46. HEART ATTACK

  47. HEART ATTACK • Chest discomfort, pain, pressure, squeezing or tightness • An aching, crushing, constricting feeling in the chest • Numbness or aching in the arms, neck, or jaw • Heavy sweating • Nausea • Shortness of breath

  48. First Aid Treatment • Check for symptoms • Call 911 • Care for victim

  49. If Victim is Conscious • Have the victim stop activity and rest in a comfortable position. • Call 911 • Loosen restrictive clothing. • Stay with them until help arrives

  50. If Victim is Unconscious • Shake and shout to get a response • Call 911 • Monitor ABCs • Airway • Breathing • Circulation

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