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History of IT and AI 1/8/01

History of IT and AI 1/8/01. Logic (Programming) & AI Selmer Bringsjord selmer@rpi.edu www.rpi.edu/~brings. What is a Proof?. Aristotle Syllogisms Frenchmen example… Fatal problems (including can’t handle Euclid!)

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History of IT and AI 1/8/01

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  1. History of IT and AI1/8/01 Logic (Programming) & AI Selmer Bringsjord selmer@rpi.edu www.rpi.edu/~brings

  2. What is a Proof? • Aristotle • Syllogisms • Frenchmen example… • Fatal problems (including can’t handle Euclid!) • If Jason is in fact a financial whiz, then the Giants will win the Superbowl. Jason is in fact a financial whiz. Therefore the Giants will win the Superbowl. • Minor enhancements from Stoics and Medievil logicians • E.g., modus ponens… • But 2,400 yrs until real progress!

  3. Story Continues • Lull and his wheel (14th century) • Check out the cover of AIMA: there’s a lot there • Hobbes: “Thinking is calculation” (17th century) • DesCartes: Deduction is the method; linguistic capacity the human/animal divide • (By Selmer’s lights, DesCartes seems to have gotten things essentialy correct) • And suddenly Boole appears!

  4. Boole’s Innovation Essentiallythe Propositional Calculus • p, q, r, …

  5. Frege Answers the Question! • First-order Logic • Add • variables x, y, z, … • quantifiers   • relation symbols R, F, G, … • “Everyone loves someone” is xyLxy • A proof is reasoning that can be formalized as a step-by-step progression in first-order logic…

  6. And Shortly Thereafter… • Kronecker refuses to accept Cantor’s Proof • E.g., that the power set of the natural numbers is “larger” than the natural numbers • Hilbert expresses Kronecker’s attitude in his “program”: use algorithms to answer all mathematical questions • Gödel obliterates Hilbert’s dream; Turing follows suit (and actually generalizes, with a simpler proof) • Gödel needs precise account of computable • Turing provides “Turing Machines” • Out of TMs we get digital computers • Turing not sure a physical UTM is physically possible! • Church: “Hey, TMs, -calculus, etc. all the same!”

  7. Intuitive Picture of Turing Machine

  8. And AI and Agent Tech Specifically? • Artificial Neurons: McCulloch & Pitts • Prop. Calc. + Turing Machines + Neurophysiology • Princeton • Minsky: Neural networks • McCarthy there as well • Dartmouth workshop 1956 • Minsky, McCarthy, Simon, Newell, … • Logic Theorist!

  9. And… • McCarthy in 1958 • Lisp born • Advice Taker • McCarthy and Minsky clash over logic • McCarthy leaves for Stanford • Minsky and Microworlds • Minsky and Pappert kill connectionist approach • Logicist systems rule (expert systems) • Connectionism comes back • And today? • New edition of AIMA reacts to Web • Hybrid approaches • ,,,

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