Chapter 25: America Moves to the City

1. Chapter 25: America Moves to the City 1865-1900

2. The Urban Frontier • Describe the first skyscraper. • In what ways were Americans becoming mass commuters? • Why were people drawn to the city? • Department stores heralded in an era of ______________________. • What new ways of living were introduced in the city? • What were some issues within cities? • What were some of the contradictions of urban life. • Describe the living conditions of the slums. • The New Immigration • How many immigrants came to the US between 1850-1882? • Describe the immigrants that came to the US until the 1880s. • Describe the new immigrants and where they lived when they arrived.

3. Southern Europe Uprooted • Why did immigrants leave their home countries? • What were “American letters” and why were they important? • Why did industrialists want new immigrant workers? • How did persecution impact immigration? • What did “birds of passage” do? • How did immigrants preserve their culture? • Reaction to the New Immigration • How did the government deal with new immigrants? • How did “bosses” factor into the new immigrant experience? • What was the social gospel and why was it important? • Who was Jane Addams and what did she do? • What was the Hull house? • Who was Florence Kelley? • What new possibilities were available for women?

4. Narrowing the Welcome Mat • Why was antiforeignism prevalent in the 1880s? • What issues did nativists blame on the new immigrants? • What was the American Protective Association? • How did labor unions feel about the new immigrants? • What restrictions did the government place on immigration? • Churches Confront the Urban Challenge • How did cities pose a challenge to churches? • Describe the new generation of liberal Protestants. • How were the Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths affected by new immigrants? • Describe the two new faiths introduced during the late 1800s. • What was the purpose of religious-affiliated associations?

5. Darwin Disrupts the Churches • How did The Origin of Species impact religion? • Describe Darwin’s theory of “natural selection”. • How did people react to Darwin’s ideas? • Describe the split in the religious community after 1875. • How did liberal thinkers reconcile Darwinism and Christianity? • The Lust for Learning • What theory prompted an upward climb for public education? • What happened with high schools during this time period? • Some other educational trends happened during this time period, what were they? • What was the Chautauqua movement? • How was education different in the cities in comparison to rural areas?

6. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People • Describe education in the south, specifically the impacts on nonwhites. • Who was Booker T. Washington, what did he do, and why was he considered a “accommodationist”? • What guided the curriculum at the Tuskegee Institute? • Who was George Washington Carver and what did he do? • Who was W.E.B. Du Bois, what did he do and what did he believe in relation to the advancement of African Americans? • The Hallowed Halls of Ivy • How did women and African Americans educational opportunities change during this time period? • What was the Morrill Act of 1862 and how did it impact higher education? • What was the Hatch Act of 1887 and how did it impact higher education? • Who were the major educational philanthropists during this time period? • What was significant about professional and technical schools?

7. The March of the Mind • How did “Continental models” differ from previous college instruction? • What other pressures helped change the traditional college curriculum? • What improvements in Medical schools/science were happening during this time period? • Who was William James and what did he contribute to the medical field? • Define pragmatism. • The Appeal of the Press • What were best sellers during this time period? • What kind of progress were libraries making and how did were they able to do so? • How did the Linotype affect newspapers? • What is sensationalism? • Who were the two journalistic tycoons and how did they sell papers? • What offset sensationalistic journalism?

8. Apostles of Reform • Describe the content of The Nation and Godkin’s goal. • Who was Henry George and what did he believe? • Who was Edward Bellamy and what influences did his writing have on America? • Postwar Writing • What were dime novels? • Who was General Lewis Wallace and what did he write? • Why were Horatio Alger’s stories popular during this time period? • Who were Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson?

9. Literary Landmarks • What did the content of novels address during this time period? • Kate Chopin and Mark Twain were voices of the South, what did their writing discuss? • Who was Bret Harte and what did do that was significant? • What did William Dean Howells write about? • What did Stephen Crane write about? • Who was Henry Adams and why did he write? • What was the dominant theme in Henry James’ writing? • In what works were portrayals of contemporary life and social problems addressed? • White kind of realism did Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles W. Chestnut bring to the literature of the time period? • Why was Dreiser’s novel Sister Carrie withdrawn from circulation?

10. The New Morality • What did Victoria Woodhull believe and how did this shock the American public? • What did Anthony Comstock do that reflected the view point of “pure-minded Americans”? • How was the “new morality” reflected? • Families and Women in the City • How were families impacted by the urban environment? • How did urban life impact family size and work habits? • In what ways were women growing more independent? • Who was Charlotte Perkins Gilman and what did she believe? • What was the National American Woman Suffrage Association and who was involved in it? • Carrie Chapman Catt was the most effective leader of the suffrage movement, why? • What major argument did women use in their argument for suffrage? • Wyoming was the first state that allowed women to vote, what followed suit? • What role did African American women play in the fight for suffrage?

11. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress • What was the major argument of the critics of prohibition? • How did the National Prohibition Party do in some presidential elections? • What was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and who were the women involved? • What was the Anti-Saloon League? • What was the great triumph of prohibitionists? • What were two other social movements that happened during this time period? • Artistic Triumph • Who were some of the famous American painters that made their living abroad? • What did George Inness, Thomas Eakins, and Winslow Homer paint? • Who was Augustus Saint-Gaudens and why is he famous? • What kind of music became popular during this time period? • What was the phonograph? • What is the “Richardsonian” style of architecture? • What was the Columbian Exposition and how did it impact American art?

12. The Business of Amusement • What is vaudeville? • What was the “Greatest Show on Earth”? • What were Wild West shows and who were some famous participants? • Describe two modernly popular sports that gained popularity during this time period. • What was exemplified by football? • Who fought in the boxing world championship of 1892? • What were the two crazes that swept the country in the late 1800s?