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America and The War

America and The War. Chapter 24 Section 1. The Rise of Dictators. Dictator- a person given sole power for a specific limited period (usually 6 months), in order to deal with an emergency . After that 6 month period the dictator was supposed to hand power back over to the Consuls.

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America and The War

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  1. America and The War Chapter 24 Section 1

  2. The Rise of Dictators • Dictator- a person given sole power for a specific limited period (usually 6 months), in order to deal with an emergency. After that 6 month period the dictator was supposed to hand power back over to the Consuls.

  3. Mussolini and Fascism • Europe’s first major dictatorship arose in Italy • Benito Mussolini • Fascism- aggressive nationalism that believes in the nation over the individual • Expanding territories and building military • Mussolini promised full employment and social security • Return Italy to glories of Roman Empire • Hated communists

  4. Cont. • Mussolini marched on Rome • Military “Blackshirts” • Cabinet resigns after king’s refusal to declare martial law • Mussolini becomes a premier and immediately begins to destroy democracy • Had support of landowners, industries, and Roman Catholic Church • Il Duce or “The Leader”

  5. Mussolini

  6. Vladimir Lenin & Joseph Stalin

  7. Hitler and Nazism • Hitler was admirer of Mussolini • Fought for Germany in WWI • End of war left a bad taste in his mouth • Job was to spy on Nazi party but ends up converting to the party • Nazi Party- National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Party tries to seize Germany by marching into Munich • Plan fails and Hitler arrested

  8. Hitler Arrested

  9. Mein Kampf • Hitler’s autobiography • “My Struggle” • Master race • Lebensraum • Slavic people of Eastern Europe were inferior and should be enslaved • Jews were a problem

  10. Hitler released • Changed his tactics from violence to trying to get elected • 1932 Nazi held majority with 37% • Hitler becomes chancellor then president • The Fuhrer or “leader” • Rebuilding military a year later • Against Treaty of Versailles • No one stops him

  11. Militarists Gain Control of Japan • Poor resources • Weak economy and unemployment • Must seize territory to gain resources • Targeted Manchuria in Northern China • Prime Minister tries to step in but is assassinated • Military now in control • Appointed military officers as prime minister

  12. Neutrality in America • Nye Committee and WWI • Neutrality Act of 1935 • Neutrality Act of 1937- continued ban on selling arms to warring countries but allowed selling of nonmilitary supplies on a “cash and carry” basis.

  13. Roosevelt • First priority was ending depression • Internationalism- trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war. • “Neutrality acts would bring us to war” • Helped China in Manchuria when Japan invaded • Neither declared war so he didn’t violate Neutrality Act of 1937

  14. World War II Begins Section 2

  15. Peace in Our Time • Europe’s 3 reasons for believing Hitler • WWI was in shadows, fearful of another conflict • Hitler’s demands were reasonable (Unite all German speaking regions of Europe) • Nazis would be interested in peace once they had gained territory

  16. Austrian Anschluss • Hitler wanted unification for all German speaking people • Smart about expanding territory • Gains included food and soldiers for military • Wants ports in Austria-Hitler’s native land • Chancellor agrees then puts to a vote • Hitler invades and annexes Austria

  17. Munich Conference • Hitler wants Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia • Large German speaking pop. • Czech didn’t want to give it up • France threatened to attack Germany if invades • British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, publicly announced to support France • All decided to hold a meeting in Munich to decide Czech. Fate to prevent another war • British and France agree to Hitler’s demands • Appeasement

  18. Cont. • Thought they pleased Hitler • How do Czech feel when informed to give up Sudetenland? • Chamberlain said military wasn’t ready for war • “a peace with honor…peace in our time” • Hitler moves into Czechoslovakia and makes them satellite state under German control

  19. On the Move • Hitler showed no signs of stopping • He had everyone believing his tactics • Made everyone look like fools

  20. Poland • Sets his sights on Poland after the Munich Conference • Return of Danzig • Highway and Railroad across Polish Corridor to connect western Germany to East Prussia, a German state.

  21. Polish Corridor

  22. Poland • British and French are convinced appeasement failed…FINALLY! • British announce if Poland is invaded both Britain and France will come to Poland’s aid, but will they this time? • Nonaggression treaty with USSR and Stalin

  23. Nonaggression Pact • Hitler wanted to make sure Soviets would stay out of war • Agreement reached; shocked the world • Secret deal to divide Poland between Germany and USSR

  24. Stalin & Hitler adviser

  25. The War Begins • Sept 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland • Sept 3, 1939 British and France declare war on Germany • Blitzkrieg • Poland fought tough but fell on October 5, 1939

  26. Fall of France • Sitting waiting on Germany to bring war to them • “Bore War” • “Phony War” • Sitzkrieg (sitting war) • Maginot Line • Germany focuses on Poland • Then Norway and Sweden • Next was the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

  27. Maginot Line

  28. Cont. • British and French rush north towards Belgium • Germans send main force through Ardennes Mountains • Surprise to the French • Germans smash French lines easily

  29. Miracle at Dunkirk • Germans trapped allies and pushed towards English Channel • Hitler orders forces to stop • Why? • Gave British time to evacuate • Hitler accepted French surrender

  30. Defiant Britain • Winston Churchill replaces Neville Chamberlain • Peace not an option • Hitler stunned; prepares to invade

  31. Battle of Britain • Luftwaffe • Germans bomb London (accident) • British respond with bombing of Berlin • More bombing of London • British radar • Outnumbered by the Germans; British inflicted more losses on the Germans • October 12, 1940 Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain

  32. St. Paul’s Cathedral

  33. The Holocaust Section 3

  34. Nazi Persecution of Jews • Holocaust- Greek word meaning “sacrifice by fire” • Catastrophe that ravaged the Jewish pop. • Nazi campaign to exterminate Jews during WWII • Germans racially superior • Jews racially inferior

  35. Nazi Ideology • Implement Hitler’s racial policies outlined in Mein Kampf • Persecute all who oppose Nazism • Plus disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavs • Most hated were the Jews • Jews were segregated into ghettos for easier monitoring and later deportation to concentration and extermination camps • Prohibited from owning land

  36. Ghettos

  37. Nuremburg Laws • Took citizenship away from Jewish Germans • Banned marriage between Jews and Germans • A Jew was defined as a person with one Jewish grandparent • Could not hold office or vote • Forced Jews with German sounding names to adopt Jewish names • Passports were marked with a red “J”

  38. Cont. • 1936 50% of the Jewish pop. was jobless • Couldn’t work as civil servants, journalists, farmers, teacher, or actors • Banned from practicing law and medicine and owning businesses • Made life difficult but remained in Germany • Didn’t want to leave the lives they had built • Conditions must improve…can’t get much worse

  39. http://www.timemoneyandblood.com/HTML/posters/german/nuremberg-laws.htmlhttp://www.timemoneyandblood.com/HTML/posters/german/nuremberg-laws.html • Nuremberg laws • The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 defined who was a Jew. It classified people with four German grandparents as German. A person with three to four Jewish grandparent was classified as Jewish. Someone with two Jewish grandparents was considered mixed-blood.The Nuremberg Laws denied German citizenship to Jews and prohibited marriage between those classified as Jews and those classified as Germans. This chart explains the Nuremberg Laws. The black circles represent Jewish blood. The right 2 columns represent a descendant from 3 to 4 Jewish grandparents. The middle column represents descendant of mixed-race. The chart also lists allowed and forbidden marriages.

  40. Nuremberg Laws Chart

  41. Kristallnacht • “Night of the broken glass” • Staged attacks against Jews • Brought about because a Jewish refugee shot a German diplomat • Made Hitler really mad • 90 Jews dead • Nazi forbid police to interfere

  42. Quote Pg. 721 • “They yanked out every drawer in every one of our chests and cupboards, and tossed each in the air. They let the cutlery jangle across the floor, the clothes scatter, and stepped over the mess to fling the next drawer…’We might be back,’ the leader said. On the way out he threw our mother-of-pearl ashtray over his shoulder, like confetti. We did not speak or move or breathe until we heard their boots against the pavement.”

  43. Gestapo • Secret Government police • Arrested 20,000 wealthy Jews • Made them surrender all possessions in order to go free • Why did they stay again???

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