管 理 學 第八章 規劃之基礎 Foundations of Planning

1. 管 理 學第八章 規劃之基礎 Foundations ofPlanning Planningis everything. The plan is nothing.—General Dwight D. Eisenhower

2. Business Proposal (Thesis, project): Target market segment, Product offering, Distribution & sales plan, Indicate advertising & promotion plan, System & operations requirements, Financial forecast, Risk & sensitivities, Milestones & timelines. • 計畫趕不上變化！坐而言不如起而行？ 系學會要經費，系友回娘家，畢旅保險，AACSB 認證，毛治國生涯規劃，女兒婚禮 2

3. Contents 8.1 The What and Why of Planning 8.2 Goals And Plans 8.3 Setting Goals and Developing Plans 8.4 Contemporary Issues in Planning 3

4. 8.1.1 What Is Planning ?（規劃） • A primary managerial activity (POLC) that involves: • Defining the organization’s goals. • Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals. (Ch. 9) • Developing plans for organizational work activities. （計畫, Module: Planning Tools, p.320~349） • Types of planning • Informal: not written down. • Formal: *Specific goals covering a specific time period. *Written and shared with organizational members. 4

5. 8.1.2 Why Do Managers Plan? • Purposes of Planning • Provides direction • Reduces uncertainty • Minimizes waste and redundancy • Sets the standards for controlling (POLC) • 沒有一次成功的戰役是按照計畫進行的。 • 紙上畫畫，牆上掛掛，會上罵罵，全不算話。 • No plan vs. micro-management • 未戰而廟算勝者，得勝多也。 • Proper prior planning prevents poor performance. 5

6. The Planning-Controlling Link 6 6

7. 篇，章，節的關連 Part 1~3, Defining the Manager’s Terrain, Part 4~6, POLC Part 3, Ch.8, Foundations of Planning, Ch.9, Managing Strategy, Ch. 10, Foundations of Control Sections: 8.1~ 8.4, 8.1.1~8.1.3 歌劇某中音高手

8. 康乃爾筆記法 (Cornell method)以「圖像→ 關鍵字→筆記區」的記憶步驟回顧課程內容。

9. 8.1.3 Planning and Performance • Formal planning is associated with: • Higher profits and returns on assets • Positive financial results • The quality of planning and implementation affects performance more than the extent of planning • The external environment can reduce the impact of planning on performance *Testable hypotheses. 9

10. 8.2 Goals And Plans(How Do Managers Plan?) • Elements of Planning • Goals (Objectives) • Desired outcomes for individuals, organizations (Where) • Provide direction and evaluation performance criteria • Plans • Documents that outline how goals are to be accomplished • Describe how resources are to be allocated and establish activity schedules. 10

11. 要浪漫的願景，也要務實的規劃 1. 推測外界環境需求 2. 分析內部資源及能力 3. 積極主動訂定目標，採取綜效行動，消除差異 e.g., Ivery Lee, Time management 11

12. Types of Goals • Financial Goals • Are related to the expected internal financial performance of the organization. • Strategic Goals • Are related to the performance of the firm relative to factors in its externalenvironment (e.g., competitors). 12

13. Stated Goals vs. Real Goals • Broadly-worded official statements of the organization (intended for public consumption) that may be irrelevant to its real goals (what actually goes on in the organization). e.g., FBC, 三好一公道，燈塔理念，保齡，劉達智 13

14. Types of Plans • Strategic Plans (Ch. 9) • Establish the organization’s overall goals. • Seek to position the organization in terms of its environment. • Cover extended periods of time. • Operational Plans (Module: Planning Tools, p.320~） • Specify the details of how the overall goals are to be achieved. • Cover short time period. 14

15. Types of Plans (cont’d) • Long-Term Plans • Plans with time frames extending beyond three years. • Short-Term Plans • Plans with time frames on one year or less. • Specific Plans • Plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation. (e.g., CFP) • Directional Plans • Flexible plans that set out general guidelines, provide focus, yet allow discretion in implementation. 15

16. Types of Plans (cont’d) • Single-Use Plan • A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique situation. • Standing Plans • Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly. e.g. Budget. 16

17. 8. 3 Setting Goals and Developing Plans Traditional Goal Setting • Broad goals are set at the top of the organization. • Goals are then broken into subgoals for each organizational level. • Goals are intended to direct, guide, and constrain from above. • Goals lose clarity and focus as lower-level managers attempt to interpret and define the goals for their areas of responsibility. *Assumes that top management knows best because they can see the “big picture.” (bossism, bottleneck) 17

18. The Downside of Traditional Goal Setting 18

19. Means–Ends Chain • Maintaining the Hierarchy of Goals Achievement of lower-level goals is the means by which to reach higher-level goals (ends). 討論：南宮博士給小飛俠的信 19

20. Management By Objectives (MBO) • Specific performance goals are jointly determined by employees and managers. • Progress toward accomplishing goals is periodically reviewed. • Rewards are allocated on the basis of progress towards the goals. • Key elements of MBO: • Goal specificity, participative decision making, an explicit performance/evaluation period, feedback 20

21. Steps in a Typical MBO Program • The organization’s overall objectives and strategies are formulated. • Major objectives are allocated among divisional and departmental units. • Unit managers collaboratively set specific objectives for their units with their managers. • Specific objectives are collaboratively set with all department members. • Action plans, defining how objectives are to be achieved, are specified and agreed upon by managers and employees. • The action plans are implemented. • Progress toward objectives is periodically reviewed, and feedback is provided. • Successful achievement of objectives is reinforced by performance-based rewards. 21

22. Does MBO Work? *Management By whose Objectives? Manipulating By Objectives? * Potential Problems with MBO Programs • Not as effective in dynamic environments that require constant resetting of goals. • Overemphasis on individual accomplishment may create problems with teamwork. • Allowing the MBO program to become an annual paperwork shuffle. * Reason for MBO Success • Top management commitment and involvement. 22

23. Characteristics of Well-Designed Goals • 1. Written in terms of outcomes, not actions • 2. Measurable and quantifiable • 3. Clear as to time frame • e.g.,華山論劍，William Lab. • 4. Challenging yet attainable • 5. Written down • 6. Communicated to all necessary organizational members 23

24. 討論：目標設定之原則 1. Smart: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time bound. 2. Kiss: Keep it simple and short. Keep it simple, stupid. ＊一分鐘經理人，59秒員工 24

25. 台北市交通白皮書 25

26. 錸德科技 規劃1111願景 • 每個員工有1棟房子 • 公司經營績效擠進國內前10大 • 培養100個專業經理 • 2005年時，年營收達1000億元目標 e.g., 0941 26

27. Steps in Goal Setting • Review the organization’s mission statement. • Evaluate available resources. • Determine goals individually or with others. • Write down the goals and communicate them. • Review results and whether goals are being met. e.g., 1. 承諾前可討論，承諾後使命必達。 2. P. F. Drucker 的三個導師 27

28. Developing Plans • Contingency Factors in A Manager’s Planning • Manager’s level in the organization • Strategic plans at higherlevels • Operational plans at lowerlevels • Degree of environmental uncertainty • Stable environment: specific plans • Dynamic environment: specific but flexible plans • Length of future commitments • Commitment Concept 28

29. Approaches to Planning • Establishing a formal planning department • A group of planning specialists who help managers write organizational plans. • Planning is a function of management; it should never become the sole responsibility of planners. • Involving organizational members in the process 29

30. 8.4 Contemporary Issues in Planning • Criticisms of Planning：計畫趕不上變化 • Planning may create rigidity. • Plans cannot be developed for dynamic environments. (e.g., 國泰 vs. 安泰) • Formal plans cannot replace intuition and creativity. • Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition not tomorrow’s survival. • Formal planning reinforces today’s success, which may lead to tomorrow’s failure. (e.g., Icarus, Wang Laboratories) • Just planning isn’t enough. (Implementing!) 30

31. Effective Planning in Dynamic Environments • Develop plans that are specific but flexible. (e.g., 18套劇本，Royal Dutch/Shell, Scenario-based planning) • Understand that planning is an ongoing process. (e.g.,毛治國,Muddling through with a purpose) • Change plans when conditions warrant. • Persistence in planning eventually pay off. • Flatten the organizational hierarchy to foster the development of planning skills at all organizational levels. 31

32. How Can Managers Use Environmental Scanning? • Environmental scanning - screening information to detect emerging trends • Competitor intelligence - gathering information about competitors that allows managers to anticipate competitors’ actions rather than merely react to them 32

33. 作業 • Case study: a manager’s dilemma (p. 244) (1) Identify and articulate business problems (2) Gather and analyze information applicable (3) Identify and apply an appropriate tool for solving problems. 2. Thinking critically about ethics (p. 258) (1) Identifies Dilemma. (2) Considers Stakeholders (3) Analyzes Alternatives and Consequences 33

34. 3. Developing your goal setting skill (p. 258) 為你自己的 academics, career preparation, family, hobbies 各設定至少兩個短期目標，兩個長期目標，再訂出達成目標之計畫。 4. Team exercise: four–day week (p. 259) 5. Internet-based exercise (p. 259): 1. 上網，key in “personal mission statement”, or “good planner”, 寫心得。 2. 上網找兩個不同產業的公司，找他們的 goals, 評估其是否 “well writing”? 3. 貴公司有一個目標是更環境永續 (sustainable)，其中有 一步驟是減少紙張浪費。請擬訂計畫。 34

35. 回顧 1. Define the nature and purposes of planning. 2. Classify the types of goals organizations might have and the plans they use. 3. Compare and contrast approaches to goal-setting and planning. 4. Discuss contemporary issues in planning. 35

36. planning goals plans stated goals real goals strategic plans operational plans long-term plans short-term plans specific plans directional plans single-use plan standing plans traditional goal setting means-ends chain management by objectives (MBO) mission commitment concept formal planning department Terms to Know