Science Standards Assessment Review Challenge

1. Science Standards Assessment Review Challenge You will sit with your assigned group every day during our review before the test. I will collect your packets on May 7th-they should be completed before the test however.

2. How it works • Each day, your group will have the opportunity to earn points. You can earn points by: -answering practice questions correctly (1 pt each) -appropriate participation-no phones, earbuds, doing other homework, all members participating, no off task behavior (1 pt/day=5 pts added to your TB pg. 548 assignment) • At the end of the review days, the team with the most points will win a prize!

3. Scientific Methods • There is more than one way to test a hypothesis, such as through a/n experiment or a/n observational study • In order for a controlled experiment to be valid, it must consist of several parts such as a/n independent variable, (also known as a test variable), the dependent variable (also known as a outcome variable), constants, and possibly a control group. • When the results of an experiment are not what was originally expected, we say the results do not support the hypothesis. When the results are as expected, we say the results support the hypothesis. • When the results of an experiment fail to support the hypothesis, the results are still valuable because they lead to further investigation • Replication is repeating another scientist’s experiment to verify results • Repetition is repeating your experiment to verify results

4. Scientific Methods • Both replication and repetition are important because they make an experiment valid. • Models can be used when something is too big, small, dangerous, expensive etc. • Give an example of technology that is used from science: drones, robots, computers, calculators • The word empirical means from data-experiments or observations • An example of scientific knowledge changing in history is: ­atomic model, def. of planets, solar system (helio vs geocentric) • A law is a rule that describes a pattern of nature. Laws do not change. • A theory is an explanation of observations or events that is based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations. Theories can change with new information. • Give some examples of scientific laws you have learned: Newton’s Laws, Kepler’s Laws, Law of Conservation of Mass, Thermodynamics • Give some examples of scientific theories you have learned: Big Bang, Continental Drift, Evolution

5. Questions 1. Students made an electromagnet by wrapping a wire in loops around an iron nail and attaching the wire to a battery, as shown below. The students conducted a test to learn how the number of wire loops affected the number of paper clips held by the electromagnet. The table below shows the results of the test. Based on the information from the table, which of the following is the outcome (dependent) variable in this experiment? • The number of wire loops wrapped around the nail. • The number of paper clips held by the electromagnet. • The material the nail was made of. • The size of the battery.

6. Ella set up an experiment to investigate one of her questions. She set up one test tube to look like Figure 1. She set up another test tube similar to Figure 1 but without a lamp, and placed it in a dark closet. A day later, Ella checked the water level in each test tube. Which question could best be answered with Ella’s experiment? • Question 1 • Question 2 • Question 3 • Question 4

7. Researchers grew some bacteria in a lab and tested them in several trials. The results are shown in the table. In this experiment, which trial served as the control? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

8. Derek hypothesizes that a potted fern in a closed container will stay healthier than the same type of plant on an open windowsill. At the conclusion of his investigation, Derek finds that his results support his hypothesis. Which BEST explains why Derek should repeat the investigation?

9. 5. Before 1896, many scientists concluded that light could not pass through black paper. In 1896, Henri Becquerel observed that uranium salts could cause a plate covered by black paper to react as if light had reached it. How did this observation affect conclusions about light passing through black paper? • Scientists ignored Becquerel’s evidence because uranium is dangerous to use, so his study was not valid. • Scientists repeated Becquerel’s experiment until it no longer worked and reported that his conclusions were not valid. • Scientists had to revise their earlier conclusion because evidence from Becquerel did not support the original conclusion. • Scientists stood behind the earlier conclusion that black paper blocks light because it was already an accepted conclusion.

10. 6. Keesha did an experiment to study the rate of photosynthesis in the water plant Elodea. She placed a piece of Elodea in a beaker of water and set the beaker 10 centimeters (cm) from a light source. Keesha counted the bubbles released from the plant every minute for five minutes (min). She repeated the process two more times. First, she moved the light to 20 cm from the beaker, and then she moved the light to 30 cm from the beaker. Keesha’s setup and data are shown below. What is the outcome variable (dependent variable) in this experiment? A. the number of bubbles produced B. the type of plant placed in the beaker C. the amount of time the bubbles were counted D. the distance of the light source from the plant

11. 8. When Alfred Wegener first proposed his theory of continental drift, most Earth scientists did not immediately accept it. Many expressed skepticism because the theory did not explain what force was strong enough to move continents. Later, scientists investigating continental drift found evidence that explained how continents are able to move. Plate tectonics, which grew from the theory of continental drift, now explains how continents move over time. • How was the initial skepticism of earth scientists useful to the scientific process? • Skeptical comments showed that continental drift was not a correct explanation of Wegener’s observations. • Skeptics kept people from forgetting about earlier observations that did not support continental drift. • The scientists who were skeptical kept earth science from changing views too rapidly. • The skeptics raised questions that became the starting point for new investigations.

12. 9. Which of the following best explains how a scientific theory might be changed? • All scientists agree to change the theory. • Data from new experiments could lead to revisions of the theory. • Several scientists propose a new theory. • Theories do not change because they are based on well-tested hypotheses.

13. The following statements were taken from the procedures of four different investigations: Which statement is an example of repetition? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

14. A student made 2 different models of cell showing the structures, one was a detailed drawing while the other was a clay model. Which of the following describes a limitation of the drawing, but not he clay model? A. it doesn’t show the main parts of the cell B. it doesn’t not contain the correct number of nuclei C. it cannot represent a living cell since a true cell is three dimensional D. it cannot represent a living cell since the cytoplasm should be in constant motion

15. 12. The timeline of some models of atoms throughout history is shown below. These models have contributed to the formation of the atomic theory. • Which statement best summarizes the development of atomic theory over time? • Advancements in atomic models proved the atomic theory was accurate • The discovery of new evidence resulted in changes to the atomic theory • With the discovery of every new element, the atomic theory was modified • Changes in atomic models showed that the atomic theory was based on opinion

16. Scientific knowledge may change as new evidence or information is discovered. Which of the following would NOT be a result of new scientific research and information? A. binomial nomenclature is assigned to a recently identified plan species B. an endangered monkey species is put in a reserve for protection from extinction C. A newly discovered chemical element will be added to the periodic table of the elements D. a nonnative plant species will begin to reproduce rapidly after being introduced into a swamp ecosystem.

17. Physical Science 1) Substances can be identified based on physical characteristics such as density, solubility, melting point, boiling point, conductivity, and magnetism 2) Some physical characteristics that can change with the size of the sample: mass, volume 3) Other physical characteristics that DO NOT depend on the size of the sample: density, melting point, boiling point, conductivity, magnetism 4) The amount of matter: mass 5) How much space something takes up: volume 6) The formula for density is density=mass/volume 7) Differentiate between mass and weight: mass is the amount of matter while weight is a force due to gravity 8) Atoms are made up of ­­­protons, neutrons and electrons 9) Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge and electrons have a negative charge. 10) Atoms move slowly and vibrate in place in a solid, move faster and move further apart in a liquid, and very fast and very far apart in a gas. 11) Elements are arranged in periods (horizontal) and groups (vertical) on the periodic table. 12) Elements in groups have similar properties and also have the same number of valence electrons.

18. Physical Science 13) A compound is a substance containing atoms of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. 14) A(n) acid has a pH lower than 7. Examples include: vinegar, lemon juice, soda 15) A(n) base has a pH higher than 7. Examples include: ­baking soda, ammonia, detergents 16) A salt is a compound formed when an acid is combined with a base (Alkali metal with a halogen) Example: NaCl 17) A mixture is matter that can vary in composition, while a pure substance is matter made up of just one element. 18) A solution is another name for homogeneous mixture. It is made up of a solvent and a solute. The solvent does the dissolving, while the solute is what breaks apart or dissolves. If you mixed sugar in water, which is the solute? sugar the solvent? water 19) When matter goes through a physical or chemical change, mass is conserved. This is called the Law of Conservation of Mass. Matter cannot be created or destroyed. 20) Rate of a chemical change can increase when the temperature increases. 21) Radio waves have the longest wavelength, while gamma rays have the shortest wavelength. What wave property differentiates each type of wave? wavelength.

19. Physical Science 22) What happens to the frequency as the wavelength decreases? Increases. Which waves have the highest frequency (energy) gamma. 23) High frequency waves can be dangerous to living things. Which waves in the electromagnetic spectrum are dangerous? Xrays, UV and gamma. 24) Humans can only see which type of wave on the electromagnetic spectrum visible light. Our eyes can only see light with wavelengths between 380 nm and 750 nm. 25) The order of the colors in the visible spectrum is (from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength: ROY G BIV. 26) Telescopes are designed to collect a certain type of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. Some detect visible light, and other detect microwaves and radio waves. Light and sound travel on waves. 27) When light travels from one medium (material) to another, it can bend or refract. 28) Any wave can change speed when it moves through a different mediums. 29) In sound waves, the pitch of sound increases as frequency increases.

20. Physical Science Questions 1. Physical properties can be used to compare and classify substances. The process below demonstrates a physical SUGAR WATER SUGAR SOLUTION Which of the following physical properties of sugar is demonstrated by the process? A. Solubility B. Density C. Thermal conductivity D. Melting point

21. 2. The physical property that determines how easily heat and electricity pass through a material is _____.

22. 3. Matthew has six cubes of different materials. Each cube has a mass of 10 grams (g). Matthew sorts the cubes into two groups using one physical property. GROUPS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS Which physical property did Matthew most likely use to sort the cubes into two groups? A. density B. Magnetism C. Melting Point D. Electrical Conductivity

23. 4. A student is given two different objects, a marble and a cube, that appear to be made of the same substance. The student did some measurements of the objects and recorded the measurements in the table. • Using the student's measurements, determine if the two objects are indeed made of the same substance. The formula for density is D = M / V. • No. The objects are different substances because their masses are different. • No. The objects are different substances because their densities are different. • No. The objects are different substances because their volumes are different. • D. Yes. The objects are the same substance because they have the same density.

24. Fresh milk has several parts that a farmer can separate and sell. A farmer removes the top layer of fat from fresh milk. Why is the layer of fat on top? • The fat does not mix well with the other parts of the milk. • The fat has a lower density than the other parts of the milk. • There is less fat in compared to other parts of the milk. • There other parts of the milk come out of the cow before the fat.

25. 6. Trudy made a pitcher of lemonade. Which diagram BEST represents the liquid water molecules?

36. Energy • Describe potential energy: energy that is stored • Describe kinetic energy: energy being used, motion • What are the major forms of energy? Chemical, nuclear, heat, light, sound, mechanical, electrical • Give an example of potential energy becoming kinetic energy top of hill on rollercoaster, going downhill • Energy cannot be created or destroyed is described in the Law of Conservation of Energy or the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. • Give an example of energy transformation pizza eaten for lunch (chemical to mechanical and heat energy)

37. Energy • Thermal energy always transfers from a warmer object to a cooler one. This heat transfer occurs until the temperatures between objects are in equilibrium (the same). • What can happen when heat is added or removed to a substance? Change of state/phase • What are the 3 types of heat transfer? Conduction, convection and radiation • The Earth is heated by this type of heat transfer radiation. • Differentiate between mass and weight mass is the amount of matter, weight is a force due to gravity______ • When an unbalanced force acts on an object, it will change its speed and/or direction. Change of speed or direction is called acceleration. • An object that is speeding up is experiencing positive acceleration, while and object slowing down is experiencing negative acceleration. • Forces are often shown using arrows/vectors on diagrams. The bigger the arrow, the greater the force. • If opposing forces on an object are balanced, the object will remain stationary or at a constant speed if moving.

38. Energy Questions

44. Earth Science • The universe contains billions of galaxies that contain billions of stars. • Distances within our solar system are measured in Astronomical units (AU). • Distances to other stars are measured in light years. • A light year is the distance that light can travel in one year. • An astronomical unit is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun. • Apparent magnitude is how bright the star APPEARS to be from Earth (also called apparent brightness). • Absolute magnitude is how bright a star really is (also called absolute brightness) • The hottest stars are blue, the coolest stars are red. • Stars are plotted on a H-R diagram (see your reference sheet). Most stars on this diagrams are called __________ main sequence stars-this includes our Sun. • The hottest and brightest stars are called Blue Giants.

46. H-R Diagram Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

47. Other H-R Diagrams

48. Earth Science • The Sun is made up of layers. The layer in which hot gas moves up towards the surface and cooler gas moves deeper into the interior is called the convection zone. • Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are all rocky planets • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are all gaseous planets. • The planets that are closer to the sun are generally hotter. • The planets and moons are all held in orbit by the gravitational force of the Sun. • Planets, solar systems, stars and galaxies all form because of the force of gravity. • Many years ago, people believed the Earth was the center of our solar system. This was called the geocentric model. • The current model of the solar system (sun in the center) is called the heliocentric model. • Why does the Earth experience changing seasons? Tilt of the Earth on its’ axis cause the sun’s rays to strike the surface at different angles • What causes the Earth to experience tides? Gravitational pull of the moon on Earth’s waters

49. Earth Science • Draw a diagram showing the positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon at different phases.

50. Earth Science • Draw a diagram showing the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon during a: Solar Eclipse: -rare and visible to only small area on Earth