First Civilizations:

1. Social Complexity and The Need for Order First Civilizations:

2. CULTURE • A people’s unique way of life • Common Practices= work, food, clothing, tools, technology, sports, customs • Shared Understanding= language symbols, religion, values, art, political beliefs • Social Organization= family, class and caste, Relationships, economics, government, view of authority

3. Humans Interact with Nature • Nomads- mobile people who moved from place to place in search of food. • Hunter-Gatherers- nomads whose food supply depended on plants • Agricultural Revolution A.K.A. Neolithic revolution • Shift from gathering to food-producing one of the greatest achievements in human history) • grow crops (cultivation) • raise animals (domestication) ******** this led to the development of civilization

4. Civilization Develops • Five Characteristics: • Advanced Cities • Specialized workers • Complex Institutions • Record Keeping • Improved Technology

5. Ancient River Civilizations Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley, China, and Africa

6. Sumer Becomes the Babylonian Empire • Where- Mesopotamian Region between the Tigris and Euphrates River “Fertile Crescent” World’s first EMPIRE- the bringing together of peoples from different nations and cultures under one ruler

7. Characteristics of Mesopotamian societies: • Polytheistic • King was an absolute monarch- • Based on Agriculture and Trade • Slavery was common

8. Babylonian Empire • Around 2000 BC Amorites took over the Sumerian region • Most important ruler= Hammurabi • Hammurabi’s Code= first written system of law (an eye for an eye)- • Applied to everyone, but punishments were based on social class • Why would Hammurabi want a written code of laws?

9. Preamble to Hammurabi’s Code • “…to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak…” • What does this say about the role of government?

10. Ancient Egypt LOWER EGYPT UPPER EGYPT Nubia down here

11. Egyptian Society • Pharaohs= Egyptian “god” kings • Government= Theocracy • Pyramids= tombs for their pharaohs • Religion= polytheistic • Women could own property • Contributions= hieroglyphics (writing), papyrus (paper) calendar, math, medicine

12. Mediterranean Traders Minoans, Phoenicians, and Development of Writing

13. Minoans2000-1400 BC • Known for art and culture • Influenced Ancient Greece • Relatively peaceful • Women seem to have held high ranks • Sacrifices to gods were common • Ended (probably) due to natural disasters that weakened their defenses

14. Phoenicians • Powerful Mediterranean Traders- city states & colonies connected through trade routes • Traded wine, weapons, metals, ivory and slaves, dye • Alphabets- symbols to represent sounds

15. Importance of Writing • Cave paintings Earliest form of writing Primarily based on religion Recorded events of daily life

16. Importance of Writing • Hieroglyphics Egypt Symbols stand for words or sounds Rosetta Stone

17. Importance of Writing • Cuneiform Syrians and Babylonians “wedge”- shaped tool used on soft clay Few artifacts have survived

18. Importance of Writing • Phoenician alphabet Symbols represent sounds Easier to learn- increased literacy Adopted by the Greeks Later the Arabic (our alphabet)

19. The Hebrews Religion and Development

20. Polytheism & Monotheism • Poly- many • Mono- one • Zoroastrians- first group to practice monotheism

21. Zoroaster- Persian philosopher • ? = Why should so much pain and suffering exist in the world? • Zoroastrianism- monotheistic religion • Earth is a battle ground between good and evil • People take place in the struggle • Their god will judge people at the end of time • Ideas of Satan and angels are found in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam • Some in Iran and India still follow this faith

22. Hebrews: Terms to know • Monotheism- belief in one God • Canaan- location of Hebrew settlement between the Jordan River and Med. Sea first settled in 1800 B.C. • Torah- 1st 5 books of the Hebrew Bible • Abraham- “father” of Hebrew people- wandered between Canaan and Egypt

23. The Covenants • First= Abraham promised to obey God and God promised to protect him and his descendants • Second= The Ten commandments The basis of civil and religious laws of Judaism • Exodus- Hebrews fled Egypt under the direction of Moses, wandered for 40 years, then settled in Canaan into 12 tribes • The remaining were Judah and Israel

24. 1020 BC – 922 BC • United under three kings: Saul, David, and Solomon • Solomon was most powerful • Beautified Jerusalem • Built a temple to hold the Ark of the Covenant (held the Ten commandments) • Problem= high taxes and forced labor led to division after his death

25. Captivity and Invasions • Tribute- taxes paid by a weaker nation to a stronger in the hopes on ensuring that the stronger would not attack • Assyria conquered Israel’s capital (Samaria) • Babylonians conquered Judah’s capital (Jerusalem) • Empires- Persians, Greeks and Romans

26. INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATIONS • Natural barriers for protection • Largest Mountains (Himalayan Mountains ) to the north • Large desert to the east • River Valleys • Ganges flows into the Bay of Bengal and the Indus flows into the Arabian Sea • Carry water for irrigation and silt for fertilization

27. Indus Valley Maps This is it! Ganges River FertileRiver Valley Indus River

28. More about the Indus Valley • Sometimes called Harappan civilizations • Very advanced cities (grid plans, raised land, plumbing system) • Language= over 400 symbols- hard to decipher • Trade and religion are believed to have been important • Probably ended due to drought or damaged soil and Aryan invasions

29. Changes on the Indian Subcontinent Aryan Invasion, Religion, and the Golden Age

30. The Indo-Europeans • Nomads from between the Black and Caspian seas- • Horses, Chariots, animal herders • Divided into different language groups • English, Sanskrit, Persian, Spanish, German • Why might they have migrated???

31. The Aryans • Migrated into and shaped modern day India • Vedas- volumes of sacred literature including prayers, hymns, spells and ritual instructions • Pastoral people- counted their wealth in cows

32. Aryans:The Caste/Varna System • Social structure • Very strict- no upward movement • Three original social classes • Brahmins- priests • Warriors • Peasants and traders • Interaction with others led to more • Shudras- laborers who did work the Aryans did not want to do • Varna= skin color

33. Aryans: Epics and Religion • Epic= long narrative poems • Mahabharata- retell struggles Aryans encountered as they migrated southward • Polytheistic

34. Terms to know about Hinduism • Moksha- Hindu belief in release from this world • Reincarnation- rebirth of a soul or spirit until moksha is achieved • Karma- good or bad deeds

35. Terms to know about Buddhism • Buddha- Enlightened one • Enlightenment- wisdom • Nirvana- release of selfishness and pain • Four Noble Truths • Suffering and sorrow • Selfish desires cause the suffering • End desires will end suffering • Follow the eight fold path

36. Hinduism, Buddhism and other religions develop • Workbook page 9: • Complete the chart for Hinduism and Buddhismfdocusing on • Origin • Key beliefs • Societal beliefs • Leader or founder (may not be available) • “view” of death or “after-life” • Use the text-book to complete the chart- finish for homework

37. Warm-up Activity You are a merchant selling cloth in a market. A customer walks into your shop and you fear he is one of the emperor’s inspectors or tax collectors. He whispers to you, “will you spy on other weavers and report if they are paying the proper taxes or selling inferior cloth?” You contemplate your options knowing that you will be paid four years’ earnings for your service. • What will you do? • Is it right for the government to spy on its own people • What kinds of tensions might exist in this society- where neighbor spies on neighbor? • Is there a time when spying is ethical?

38. India’s First Empire Mauryan • Ancient India- area was divided into small kingdoms • Chandragupta Maurya was a great military general who seized power and began the Mauryan Empire. • Chandragupta fought the Greek general Seleucus I (Alexander’s general who inherited this land) and defeated him.

39. Chandragupta’s Accomplishments • Raised a great army • 600,000 foot soldiers • 30,000 cavalry • 9,000 elephants (ancient tanks) • How did he pay for this stuff… • TAXES- extremely high taxes • Farmers paid up to ½ the value of their crops to the king

40. Chandragupta’s Government • Relied on his adviser to assist him • Tough policies to hold the empire together • Spying on the people • Political assassination • Large bureaucracy • Divided the empire • 4 provinces- headed by a royal prince • Local districts- officials assessed taxes and enforced laws

41. Chandragupta’s Successor • His son ruled for 32 years and then his grandson, Ashoka, ruled. • Characteristics of Ashoka’s rule • First- followed grand-dad’s ideas • Adopted Buddha's ideas of peace to all beings • Religious toleration and nonviolence • Improved communication- roads

42. India’s Second Empire Gupta Empire • Leaders- • Chandra Gupta- rose through marriage • Samudra Gupta- expanded through 40 years of conquest • Chandra Gupta II- spread of arts, religion and science

43. Daily Life in the Gupta Empire • Most lived in small villages and were farmers • Extended families worked together to grow crops • Drought was common- tax on water and required 1 day work to maintain irrigation for the village • Craftspeople and merchants lived in towns above their shops

44. Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture • Buddhism • Focus in past= strive for Nirvana • Buddha did not desire to be worshipped- this was after his death • New focus= good works in place of Nirvan- this offered salvation to all • Hinduism • Focus in past= polytheism, priests had contact with the gods • New focus= trend toward monotheism, which helped it have growth and more appeal

45. Achievements: Art & Literature • Poetry- most famous poet was Kalidasa • Writing schools- famous for Tamil poetry • Drama- especially in southern India • Dance- still survive today

46. Advancement: Trade • Rich in resources- spices, gems, woods, pearls, etc to trade with others • Land-trade= built trading posts along the silk roads and acted as middle-men between the east and west • Sea trade= traveled to the east, brought back spices and goods, met Roman traders in India AND traded African goods with the east • Increased trade led to the rise of banking and charging of interest rates

47. Achievements: Astronomy • Sparked by the expansion of trade • Stars were used for navigation • Borrowed calendar- seven day week based on the sun from the Greeks • Time- divided days into hours (also from the Greeks) • Believed the earth was round (eclipse showed this)

48. Advancements: Mathematics • Invented modern numerals, decimal and zero • Calculated pi to 4 decimal places • Calculated the length of the solar year to close to accurate measure

49. Advancements: Medicine • Medical guide= descriptions of more than 1,000 diseases • Medicinal guide= 500 plants used as medicines • Performed surgeries • Possible gave injections of medications

50. Chinese River Civilizations Unification, Culture, Dynasties and Empires