1. Jefferson: 1801 to 1809 VP: Aaron Burr The Revolution of 1800 peaceful transfer of power

1. JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY • 1. Jefferson: 1801 to 1809 • VP: Aaron Burr • The Revolution of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power • Jeffersonian Democracy • 2. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 • Midnight appointments of Adams. • Chief Justice John Marshall • Judicial Review • Power of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

2. 3. Jefferson’s Achievements: • Secured westward expansion • Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark • 4. Defends our neutrality---freedom of the seas • Barbary Pirate War—1805 • France vs Britain • Chesapeake Affair—1807 • Embargo Act—1808 to 1809 • Economic coercion • 5. Hamilton vs. Burr

3. JEFFERSON AND CONTRADICTIONS • Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) • Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa • Built the fleet of naval ships • Anti-British/Pro-French • Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. • Against slavery • Owned 200 slaves • Strict Construction of Constitution • Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

4. THOMAS JEFFERSON • Born in Virginia • Graduate of William and Mary College • A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses • Father of the DOI • Secretary of State under President Washington • Vice President under Adams • Owned 200 slaves

5. ELECTION OF 1800 • Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65. • Problem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans • Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

6. AARON BURR • Aaron Burr (1756-1836) • Born in Newark N.J. • Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war. • A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton • Vice President of the United States (1801-1805). • Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel • Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

7. JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY • 1. Jefferson: 1801 to 1809 • VP: Aaron Burr • The Revolution of 1800

8. REVOLUTION OF 1800 John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another • “revolutionary” achievement

9. FEDERALIST FINALE • Adams was the last Federalist president • Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies • Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war. • Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy

10. FEDERALIST FINALE Responsibility › Moderation • Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress • Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself • Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address • Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

11. FEDERALIST FINALE Restraint Helps Revolution Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies • Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act • Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years • Repealed hated excise tax • Made efforts to eliminate debt

12. FEDERALIST FINALE Restraint Helps Revolution • Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program • Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt • Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster

13. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in US History. • Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy. • Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency • Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power. KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON

14. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Early champion for common man • Believed education would prepare them for participation in government….. • For now, educated should rule… • Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency • Kept most Federalist programs. WHY? • Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA. • Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act • Repealed the Whiskey tax • Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS • Eliminated Alien Act

15. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Visualized an agrarian society • Feared industrialization and its effects …. • Farmers were the chosen class. • Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives • Against BUS but did not repeal it. • Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American society • Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands • Believed education the key to social mobility

16. JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY • 3. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 • Midnight appointments of Adams. • Chief Justice John Marshall • Judicial Review • Power of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

17. JOHN MARSHALL • Born in Virginia, 1755 • Served as an officer with General Washington during the Revolution • Attended College of William and Mary and became a practicing attorney. • 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson. • Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states. • Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

18. JOHN MARSHALL • Evolves As A Federalist • US troops suffer at Valley Forge • Need a strong govt. to tax which AOC could not • Merchants refused to pay debts to British • Need strong to govt. to demand obedience AOC could not 3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy” • Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

19. Marshall Evolves As A Federalist 4. French Revolution • Importance of US Govt to maintain order • Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion • Individuals should respect the office of the presidency even if one disagrees with decisions • 6. XYZ Affair • US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command respect from other nations. 7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions • States not the final authority over law but SC 8. Appointed as Chief Justice • Increase powers of SC and national govt. 9. Republicans took control of US Congress. • As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.

20. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS JUDICIAL AUTHORITY Supreme Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review. NATIONALISM The National Government is over the states. PROPERTY RIGHTS Private property is sacred and contracts legal.

21. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS • Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 • Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission. • Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission. • Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review”and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.

22. MARBURY VS MADISON • Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government. • Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law • 1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality. • By setting a precedent for judicial reviewor the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not the states or Congress. • It also “sent the message” that the National Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over the states.

23. 2. Jefferson’s Achievements: • Secured westward expansion • Louisiana Purchase

24. Spanish Land 1800 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land after Revolution New Orleans

25. French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans

26. LOUISIANA PURCHASE • 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans • Because of pressure from the westand national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France • Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans • If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

27. French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans

28. NEW ORLEANS New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)

29. HAITIAN REVOLUTION • Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. • Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America…. • Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

30. LOUISIANA PURCHASE • Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million • Needed the money for his war with Great Britain • Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre • Doubled the size of the US • Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment • Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.

31. 3.Jefferson’s Achievements: • Secured westward expansion • Louisiana Purchase • Was it constitutional?

32. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution? Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction to justify his decision “It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.” Madison to Jefferson “Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.”

33. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution? • Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase • Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress • Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society” • Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy” LP Constitutional ?

34. 3. Jefferson’s Achievements: • Secured westward expansion • Louisiana Purchase • Was it constitutional? • Lewis and Clark

35. Expansion of the United States

36. Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803

37. LEWIS AND CLARK • Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana • Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. • Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific • President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage • United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest

38. SACAJAWEA • Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark • Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition. • She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had never seen white men before. • Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

39. Map LP/3

40. 3. Jefferson’s Achievements: • Secured westward expansion • Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark • 4. Hamilton vs. Burr

41. HAMILTON VS BURR • Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, • Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him • Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

42. BURR CONSPIRACY • Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New England Federalists. • Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804. • Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation • Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election • The conspiracy then disintegrated

43. BURR COMMITS TREASON • In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule • Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason • A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

44. Barbary raids

45. JEFFERSON AND THE PIRATES • 1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars • Informally declared war on US. • Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom for American sailors.

46. JEFFERSON AND THE PIRATES • Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli • Jefferson interested in their cost savings. • “Mosquito fleet” of 200 small gunboats constructed. • War of 1812: these boats would prove to be ineffective.

47. EMBARGO ACT embargo1

48. FRANCE VS. GREAT BRITAIN Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports.  Orders-in-councilBritish laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. 

49. IMPRESSMENT ImpressmentAn act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy • 1806: England closed ports under French control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans. • Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

50. C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R • 1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. • British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered • 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed