54 th Regiment

1. 54th Regiment • http://www.history.com/topics/draft-riots/videos#gilder-lehrman-massachussetts-54th

2. Chapter 15 Section 4

3. Objectives • Explain how opposition to the war caused problems for both sides. • Identify the reasons that both sides passed draft laws. • Describe the economic hardships the war caused in the North and the South. • Describe the contributions of women to the war effort.

4. Terms and People • habeas corpus – constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment • draft – a system of required military service • income tax – tax on the money people receive • inflation – general rise in prices

5. Focus Question How did the Civil War affect people and politics in the North and the South? The pain created by the Civil War did not only affect soldiers and slaves. In the North and the South, men and women from all walks of life had to cope with the pains of war.

6. Divisions Over the War In addition to dividing the nation, the Civil War also caused divisions within the North and South. Not all northerners supported a war to end slavery. Not all white southerners supported a war to defend slavery or secession.

7. Division in the South In the South, support for the war varied from state to state. Georgia and North Carolina opposed the war. South Carolina objected to officers from other states leading their troops. Regions with large slaveholding plantationssupported the war more than poor back country regions.

8. Division in the North Northerners were also divided over the war. Others blamed Lincoln and the Republicans for forcing the war. Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation. Some believed the South had a right to secede. Those who opposed the war were strongest in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana.

9. Division in the North Northern Democrats who opposed the war were called Copperheads. Copperheads were seen as a threat to the Union.

10. -The Copperhead Party- In Favor of a Vigorous Prosecution of the Peace! Harper’s Weekly, February 28, 1863

11. […] “From the beginning this war has been conducted like a political campaign, and it has been the folly of the party in power that they have assumed, that numbers alone would win the field in a contest not with ballots but with musket and sword. But numbers, you have had… the largest, best appointed, best armed, fed and clad host of brave men, well organized and well disciplined, ever marshaled. [W]ith a Congress swift to do the bidding of the Executive; without opposition anywhere at home; and with an arbitrary power which neither the Czar of Russia, nor the Emperor of Austria dare exercise; yet after nearly two years of more vigorous prosecution of war than ever recorded in history… you have utterly, signally, disastrously- I will not say ignominiously- failed to subdue ten millions of ‘rebels.’” […] -Clement L. Vallandigham (OH-D) Speech to the U.S. House of Representatives, January 14, 1863 • Does this person support or condemn the war? • On what grounds did they support or condemn the war?

12. Dealing with Disruptions and Lincoln and Davis Respond People on both sides tried to disrupt the war effort. Some tactics included: • preventing men from volunteering for duty • encouraging soldiers to desert • helping prisoners escape • creating peace groups Both Lincoln and Davis responded by suspending habeas corpus in some places during the war.

13. Suspending Habeas Corpus • Habeas Corpus – a constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment • Empowers judges to order that imprisoned persons be brought into court to determine if they are being legally held • North more than 13,000 arrested and jailed without trials

14. Desertion on Both Sides and Both Sides Establish a Draft Desertion was a major problem on both sides. Both sides instituted a draft to meet the need for troops.

15. Draft Exceptions • Exceptions – for wealthy • South – men with 20 or more enslaved did not have to serve • North – pay govt. $300 to avoid draft • One year pay for many workers • Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in place • “Poor Man’s Fight”

16. Both Sides Establish a Draft Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutesto serve in their place. Wealthy people were able to avoid the draft. Poor men could not avoid the draft. This led to violent riots in the North.

17. NYC Draft Riots • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P96_YIAROb0 • Questions to Consider: • Why did the draft provoke so much rage among working class men? • What groups were targeted during the New York City draft riots? Why? • How did Lincoln deal with the draft riots?

18. The War and Economic Strains The war was costly for both sides. The South was less able than the North to bear these costs.

19. Northern Industry Benefits • Northern industry booms • Provide goods for Union needed in war • Plenty of jobs • Draft causes shortage • War still takes toll economically • Congress acts to earn money for nation

20. Economic Strains in the North The Union took two major steps to pay the costs of fighting the war. The Union printed $400 million of paper money. This led to inflation, or a general rise in prices. Congress levied the first income tax in August 1861.

21. Economic Strains in the South The South struggled to maintain its economic stability. The Union blockade disrupted Southern trade. Shortages of goods caused inflation. Food shortages led to riots in some cities. Union armies destroyed crops. Enslaved people particularly suffered,because Confederate soldiers often seized what they had.

22. Inflation in the South • $18 shoes in 1862  $800 in 1864 • Beef 12c./lb. in 1862  $8 in 1865

24. Women in North & South Contribute to the War Women on both sides contributed to the war by: • joining the armies • becoming spies behind enemy lines • taking over businesses and farms • working in factories The war gave women the opportunity to take on careers from which they had been excluded, such as teaching.

25. War Creates New Opportunities for Women Barriers to women especially fell in the field of nursing. Clara Barton, a Union nurse, set up the American Red Cross. Elizabeth Blackwell – first female physician trained nurses for the Union army. Harriet Tubman, who led many slaves to freedom, served as a Union nurse. Dorthea Dix becomes head of Union Army nurses Clara Barton