LECTURE 1 Indo-European and Germanic

1. ISTORY OF ENGLISH LECTURE 1Indo-Europeanand Germanic Lei ZHU Shanghai International Studies University

2. 1 The historical perspective 送杜少府之任蜀州 【唐】王勃 城闕輔三秦， 風煙望五津。 與君離別意， 同是宦遊人。 海內存知己， 天涯若比鄰。 無為在歧路， 兒女共沾巾。

3. 1 The historical perspective 詩經·魏風·碩鼠 第二章 碩鼠碩鼠，無食我麥。 三歲貫女，莫我肯德。 逝將去女，適彼樂國。 樂國樂國，爰得我直。

4. 1 The historical perspective Chinese ɤ（Beijing） ŋɔk（Nanchang） < *ŋɑk（Middle Chinese） < *ŋak（Old Chinese） 鰐 ŋəːk（Guangzhou） Zhuang ŋəːk 龍 Tai 龍

5. 1 The historical perspective When I was ten I was suddenly confronted with the anguish of moving from the only home I had ever known. My whole life, brief as it was, had been spent in that big old house, gracefully touched with the laughter and tears of four generations. When the final day came, I ran to the haven of the small back porch and sat alone, shuddering, as tears welled up from my heart. Suddenly I felt a hand rest on my shoulder. I looked up to see my grandfather. “It isn’t easy, is it, Billy?” he said softly, sitting down on the steps beside me. Unit 1 Never Say Goodbye (Book 1)

6. 1 The historical perspective • In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. Genesis

7. 1 The historical perspective • Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots, and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. Francis Bacon: Of Studies

8. 1 The historical perspective • Madame Chairman, Mrs. Vice-president, Honored Guests, Faculty and Friends:I feel most deeply honored to have been invited to speak to such an illustrious gathering tonight and to be given the privilege of representing my distinguished colleagues, especially Dr. Monrovia, who have been engaged in a very demanding research project in the field of sociolinguistics, an area of study which we feel has great potential for your profession also. • Ladies and Gentlemen,I’m exceedingly grateful to have been asked by our chairman, Dr. Jean Monrovia, to present our recent findings on the topic of “Research and Developments in Sociolinguistics”, and hope it will prove useful to those of you engaged in teaching English. • Good evening, Friends,Our chairman, Jean Monrovia, asked me to share some of my current research in sociolinguistics, and I hope it will be useful to you in your English classes next week. • Jean asked me to come on over and rap a bit about the stuff I’m into in sociolinguistics. Maybe it’ll help in teaching those English classes, and I hope you won’t be turned off with some of the technical jargon and stuff.

9. 1 The historical perspective Oppressi bello longo et a deis aversi, duces Graecorum, iam post decem annos, magnum equum ligneum arte Minervae faciunt. Uterum multis militibus complent, equum in litore relinquunt, et ultra insulam proximam navigant. Troiani nullas copias aut naves vident; omnis Troia gaudet; panduntur portae. De equo, autem, Troiani sunt incerti. Alii eum in urbem duci cupiunt; alii eum Graecas insidias appellant. Primus ibi ante omnes, de arce currens, Laocoon, sacerdos Troianus, haec verba dicit: “O miseri cives, non estis sani! Quid cogitatis? Nonne intellegitis Graecos et insidias eorum? Aut invenietis in isto equo multos milites acres, aut equus est machina belli, facta contra nos, ventura in urbem, visura casas nostras et populum. Aut aliquid latet. Equo ne credite, Troiani: quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona gerentes!” Dixit, et potentem hastam magnis viribus manus sinistrae in uterum equi iecit; stetit illa, tremens. From Wheelock’s Latin, adapted from the Aeneid by Virgil

10. 1 The historical perspective We can take to people (喜欢), take them up (培植), take them down (把……的气焰压下去), take them off (嘲弄地学……的样子) or take them in (欺骗); keep in with them (不断地讨……的好), or round them (说服), or on with them (与……融洽地相处); do for them (照应), do with them (与……相处), or without them (没有……也行), and do them in (欺骗); make up to them (巴结), set them up (资助) or down (申斥) or hit them off (逼真地模仿).

11. 1 The historical perspective I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I got a chaise for town; but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I shall not get rid of in such a hurry. I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the secret of getting a memorial before the Board, but I could not get an answer then; however I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning. As soon as I got back to my inn, I got my supper and then got to bed. When I got up next morning, I got my breakfast, and having got dressed, I got out in time to get an answer to my memorial. As soon as I got it, I got into a chaise, and got back to Canterbury by three, and got home for tea. I have got nothing for you, and so adieu. E. C. Brewer: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable

12. 1 The historical perspective To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die—to sleep— No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. ’Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die—to sleep. To sleep—perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life. Shakespeare: Hamlet

13. 1 The historical perspective Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st, So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Shakespeare: Sonnet 18

14. 1 The historical perspective • Time Old English: tima tid extension division “Time and tide wait for no man.”

15. 1 The historical perspective • Winter Her kynegils feng to rice. on weast seaxum. & heold xxxi (an-ond-þritig) wintra. In this year (611) Cynegils succeeded to the West Saxon kingdom and reigned for 31 years.

16. 1 The historical perspective

17. 1 The historical perspective Modern English (ModE) period, epoch era, age, occasion, moment term, semester

18. 2 Going beyond English

19. 2 Going beyond English ? 449 古英语（Old English） 1150 中古英语（Middle English） 1450 早期现代英语（Early Modern English） 1700 现代英语（Modern English）

20. 2 Going beyond English Icelandic Norwegian Swedish English Danish Dutch German French Latin Greek

21. 3 The prehistory of English • Language families Indo-European language family

25. Genders (性), numbers (数), and cases (格): 阳性 m(asculine) 阴性 f(eminine) 中性 n(euter) 单数 sg./singular 双数 dual 复数 pl./plural 主格 Nom(inative) a friend 属格 Gen(itive) a friend’s / of a friend 与格 Dat(ive) to a friend 宾格 Acc(usative) (call/invite/…) a friend 离格 Abl(ative) from a friend 具格 Ins(trumental) with a friend 位格 Loc(ative) at a friend 呼格 Voc(ative) Oh, friend

26. Indo-European: Sanskrit Gitagovinda 1.11

27. Gitagovinda 2.11

28. nibhṛta-nikuñja-gṛhaṃ gatayā niśi rahasi nilīya vasantam secret-bush-shelter going night darkness having-hidden staying m. Acc. f. Ins. Loc. Loc. m. Acc. cakita-vilokita-sakala-diśā rati-rabhasa-bhareṇa hasantam shaking-eyesight-all-direction desire-force-much laughing f. Ins. m. Ins. m. Acc. sakhi he keśi-mathanam udāram friend oh devil-destroying privileged f. Voc. m. Acc. m. Acc. ramaya mayā saha madana-manoratha-bhāvitayā sa-vikāram make-stay me with passion-eagerness-generated with-feeling Imperative Ins. f. Ins. m. Acc.

29. Indo-European: (Homeric) Greek

30. Germanic (1) stressing the first syllable of the root (2) compounds preferred to derivatives (3) two-tense system I work I have worked I will work I am working I have been working I will be working I worked I had worked I would work I was working I had been working I would be working

31. Germanic • (4) Sound changes • e.g. Grimm’s Law: • bʰ → b → p → f • dʰ → d → t → θ • gʰ → g → k → x • gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ

32. 4 A gimpse at Old English From The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Peterborough)

33. 4 A glimpse at Old English

35. Brittene igland is ehta hund mila lang, and twa hund brad. And her sind on þis iglande fif geþeode, englisc, and brittisc, and wilsc, and scyttisc, and pyhtisc, and boc leden. ? g [j] > s Lat. insula > isle (13th cen.) igland > island (16th cen.) h [x / ç] > gh fight < feohtan enough < genoh long a > oa oak < ac boat < bat long i > i [aı] find < findan