LECTURE 1 Indo-European and Germanic

1. ISTORY OF ENGLISH LECTURE 1Indo-Europeanand Germanic Lei ZHU Shanghai International Studies University

2. 1 Introduction - What is the history of English? - Why study the history of English?

3. 1.1 Example from English vocabulary

5. Latin & Greek Germanic drag into dragan, into speak up for specan, up, for see through seon, þurh rife with ryfe, wiþ beside oneself be sidan, an, self custom – customize 12th, < Fr. costume < Lat. consuescere trauma – traumatic – traumatize Late 18th, < Gk. τραῦμα promote – promotion – promotional 14th, < Lat. promovere paradox – paradoxical Mid 16th, < Lat. paradoxum < Gk. παράδοξος frivolous – frivolity 15th. < Lat. frivolus subscribe – subscription 15th. < Lat. subscribere

6. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. Genesis Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots, and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. Francis Bacon: Of Studies

7. Styles of English • Madame Chairman, Mrs. Vice-president, Honored Guests, Faculty and Friends:I feel most deeply honored to have been invited to speak to such an illustrious gathering tonight and to be given the privilege of representing my distinguished colleagues, especially Dr. Monrovia, who have been engaged in a very demanding research project in the field of sociolinguistics, an area of study which we feel has great potential for your profession also. • Ladies and Gentlemen,I’m exceedingly grateful to have been asked by our chairman, Dr. Jean Monrovia, to present our recent findings on the topic of “Research and Developments in Sociolinguistics”, and hope it will prove useful to those of you engaged in teaching English. • Good evening, Friends,Our chairman, Jean Monrovia, asked me to share some of my current research in sociolinguistics, and I hope it will be useful to you in your English classes next week. • Jean asked me to come on over and rap a bit about the stuff I’m into in sociolinguistics. Maybe it’ll help in teaching those English classes, and I hope you won’t be turned off with some of the technical jargon and stuff.

8. When I was ten I was suddenly confronted with the anguish of moving from the only home I had ever known. My whole life, brief as it was, had been spent in that big old house, gracefully touched with the laughter and tears of four generations. When the final day came, I ran to the haven of the small back porch and sat alone, shuddering, as tears welled up from my heart. Suddenly I felt a hand rest on my shoulder. I looked up to see my grandfather. “It isn’t easy, is it, Billy?” he said softly, sitting down on the steps beside me. Unit 1 Never Say Goodbye (Book 1)

9. To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die—to sleep— No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. ’Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die—to sleep. To sleep—perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life. Shakespeare: Hamlet

10. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st, So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Shakespeare: Sonnet 18

11. 1.2 Example from English pronunciation Once there was a young rat named Arthur, who could never make up his mind. Whenever his friends asked him if he would like to go out with them, he would only answer, "I don't know." He wouldn't say "yes" or "no" either. Non-rhotic Rhotic British American Scottish

12. 1.3 Example from English syntax My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here, My heart’s in the Highlands a-chasing the deer - A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe; My heart’s in the Highlands, wherever I go. —— Robert Burns a- < OE an (alternative of on) > abed, adrift… He is on huntung > He is a-hunting (N.) He is hunting He is huntende > He is huntinde (Adj.)

14. 1.4 Summary It is necessary to know the past to understand the present. ? Present-day English (including its varieties) Pronunciation Vocabulary Syntax …

15. 2 The historical perspective - External history - Internal history

16. 2.1 Example from Chinese 國 北京 濟南 西安 武漢 成都 長沙 揚州 蘇州 南昌 梅縣 廣州 廈門 kuo³⁵ kuɤ²¹³ kuei²¹ kuɤ²¹³ kue²¹ kuɤ²⁴ 中古kuək kɔʔ⁴ kuɤʔ⁴ kuɛʔ⁵ kuɛt¹ kuɔk³³ kɔk³² 入声 checked tone

17. 2.2 Example from Japanese 上 海 外 國 語 大 學 しゃん はい がい こく ご だい がく syan hai ɡai ko - ku ɡo dai ɡa - ku

18. Summary: 1. The history of a language is closely related to, but at the same time distinct from, the history of the people speaking it. 2. The history of a language is much more than the history of its words. Often, the history of its sounds can be of essential importance. 3. The history of one language can intertwine so much with that of other languages so that to understand the former, one must have a knowledge of the latter.

19. Implications for the history of English: 1. The history of English is different from the history of the English people. The focus of this course is the INTERNAL history of the language. 2. The history of English is much more than the history of its vocabulary. Rather, SOUND changes of the language can be of essential importance. 3. Like Japanese, English has been heavily influenced by other languages. One cannot grasp its history without going BEYOND the language itself.

20. 2.3 Outline of the history of English

21. 原始印欧语（Proto-Indo-European） ? 原始日耳曼语（Proto-Germanic） 449 古英语（Old English） 1150 中古英语（Middle English） 1450 早期现代英语（Early Modern English） 1700 现代英语（Modern English）

22. Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Danish Dutch English German French Latin Greek

23. 3 The prehistory of English English Dutch German Swedish Latin French Italian Spanish three drie drei tre tres trois tre tres wind wind Wind vind ventus vent vento viento foot voet Fuß fot pes pied piede pie hand hand Hand hand manus main mano mano blood bloed Blut blod sanguis sang sangue sangre

24. 3.1 The Indo-European language family

27. Indo-European grammar: genders (性), numbers (数), and cases (格) 阳性 m(asculine) 阴性 f(eminine) 中性 n(euter) 单数 sg./singular 双数 dual 复数 pl./plural 主格 Nom(inative) a friend 属格 Gen(itive) a friend’s / of a friend 与格 Dat(ive) to a friend 宾格 Acc(usative) (call/invite/…) a friend 离格 Abl(ative) from a friend 具格 Ins(trumental) with a friend 位格 Loc(ative) at a friend 呼格 Voc(ative) Oh, friend

28. Sanskrit Gitagovinda 1.11

29. Gitagovinda 2.11

30. nibhṛta-nikuñja-gṛhaṃ gatayā niśi rahasi nilīya vasantam secret-bush-shelter going night darkness having-hidden staying m. Acc. f. Ins. Loc. Loc. m. Acc. cakita-vilokita-sakala-diśā rati-rabhasa-bhareṇa hasantam shaking-eyesight-all-direction desire-force-much laughing f. Ins. m. Ins. m. Acc. sakhi he keśi-mathanam udāram friend oh devil-destroying privileged f. Voc. m. Acc. m. Acc. ramaya mayā saha madana-manoratha-bhāvitayā sa-vikāram make-stay me with passion-eagerness-generated with-feeling Imperative Ins. f. Ins. m. Acc.

31. (Homeric) Greek

32. 3.2 The Germanic languages • (1) Sound changes • e.g. Grimm’s Law: • bʰ → b → p → f • dʰ → d → t → θ • gʰ → g → k → x • gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ

33. (2) stressing the first syllable of the root (3) compounds preferred to derivatives (4) two-tense system I work I have worked I will work I am working I have been working I will be working I worked I had worked I would work I was working I had been working I would be working

34. 4 A gimpse at Old English From The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Peterborough)

37. Brittene igland is ehta hund mila lang, and twa hund brad. And her sind on þis iglande fif geþeode, englisc, and brittisc, and wilsc, and scyttisc, and pyhtisc, and boc leden. ? g [j] > s Lat. insula > isle (13th cen.) igland > island (16th cen.) h [x / ç] > gh fight < feohtan enough < genoh long a > oa oak < ac boat < bat long i > i [aɪ] find < findan