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Comparative linguistics and the Indo-European protolanguage

Comparative linguistics and the Indo-European protolanguage. Languages are genetically related if they have a common ancestor . E.g . French and Italian < ( Vulgar ) Latin Danish and Icelandic < North Germanic Danish and German < Proto-Germanic

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Comparative linguistics and the Indo-European protolanguage

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  1. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Comparativelinguistics and the Indo-European protolanguage • Languages aregeneticallyrelated if they have a commonancestor. • E.g. French and Italian < (Vulgar) Latin • Danish and Icelandic < North Germanic • Danish and German < Proto-Germanic • Farsi and Hindi < Proto-Indo-Iranian • French, Danish and Hindi < Proto-Indo-European (via Vulgar Latin < Proto-Italic, North Germanic < Proto- Germanic and Proto-Indo-Aryan < Proto-Indo-Iranian)

  2. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Languages changethrough time • Sound level • Morphologicallevel • Syntacticlevel • Lexicon • Exx: Lat. octo > Ital. otto • Lat. lactem > Ital. ? • Lat. noctem > Ital. ? • Lat. septem > Ital. sette • Lat. captivus > Ital. ?

  3. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Changes in morphology, syntax and lexicon • E.g. • Latin amabo ‘i will love’ → amarehabeo→ French aimerai • The Gallehus horn: ekHlewagastiRhornatawido • ‘I HlewagastiR made the horn’ • Loanwords in English: casino, malaria (Italian) • curry, punch, nirvana (Indian languages) • tundra, bolshevik (Slaviclanguages)

  4. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The beginnings of Indo-European studies • Rasmus Rask (1787 - 1837): • Undersøgelse om det gamle nordiske eller islandske Sprogs • Oprindelse (1814; udg. 1818) The Germanicsoundshift = The firstsoundshift = Grimm’s Law: Latin : English pater : father piscis : fish tenuis : thin cornu : horn

  5. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Jacob Grimm (1785-1863; Deutsche Grammatik 1816)

  6. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Karl Verner (1846 - 1896) and the Neogrammarians • ”No exceptionswithout a rule” • Gothic German Sanskrit • broþarBruderbhrā́tar- • fadar Vater pitár- • EineAusnahme der erstenLaut- • verschiebung(1876)

  7. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze • English German Danish Latin • mouse Maus mus mus • house ? ? • louse ? ? • Rausch rus • sausen suse • saugen ? • brauchen ?

  8. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Types of sound change • Assimilation: • E.g. Ital. ótto, latte etc. • Latin centum : Italiancento, French cent (palatalization) • Proto-Nordic gastiR > Danish gæst (umlaut) • Dissimilation: • E.g. Latin *kanmen > carmen • Prothesis: • E.g. Latin stella : French étoile • Metathesis: • E.g. Latin vespa, English wasp : German Wepse, Danish hveps • Haplology: • E.g. *septemmember > september

  9. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Whatcan go wrong: • Sporadic sound change, problems of relative chronology • E.g. whyLat. mos, moralis, but causa • Borrowing: • E.g. foot : pedal • tooth : dentist • Dialectborrowing: • E.g. fox : vixen • Lat. bos (for *uos) • Calques: • E.g. in-de-pendens: germ. Un-ab-hängig • ex-pressio: germ. Aus-druck • Taboo and euphemism: • E.g. French parbleu for pardieu • Russian ‘honeyeater’ for ‘bear’

  10. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Analogy • Paradigmaticlevelling, cf. e.g. • OE freosanfreasfruron (ge)froren • OHG friosan fros frurun (gi)froran • Eng. freezefroze (froze) frozen • Germ. frieren frorfrorengefroren • Germ. Gast, Gäste→ Wolf, Wölfe; Baum, Bäume • Proportional analogy: e.g. Lat. cantor, cantoris : X : honoris • X = honor (for honos)

  11. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Whatcanwereconstruct? • Phonology (partlyphonetics) • Morphology • Syntax • Lexicon • Methods: • Externalreconstruction (more languages) • Internalreconstruction (based on irregularities in onelanguage)

  12. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Reconstruction • E.g. Sanskrit pitár- : Avestanpitar-: Greek patḗr: Latin pater: Oscanpatir: Tocharian A. pācar: Armenianhayr: Old Irish athir: Gothicfadar < Indo-European *pə2tḗr ‘father’ • Inflection: Latin nom. pater, dat. patri; Sanskrit nom. pita, dat. pitre; IE nom. *pə2tḗr, gen. *pə2trei • Derivatives: ‘fatherly’, ‘stepfather’ • Compounds: ‘with the same father’ • Syntagms: ‘Father Sky’ (Greek voc. Zeu pater, Lat. Iuppiter)

  13. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab Irregularities and regularities • ‘he/she is’ vs. ‘theyare’: Sanskrit ásti : sánti Hittiteaszi : asanzi Latin est : sunt Oscanest : sent German ist : sind (IE *h1ésti : *h1sénti) • ‘Water’ English water : Danish vand German Wasser : Swedishvatten Hittitewātar: wetenas (gen.) Umbrian utur : une (abl.) Sanskrit udnás (gen.)

  14. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Indo-European Language family

  15. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Germanicbranch • East Germanic (Gothic), Wulfila’sBible translation, 4. cent. • North Germanic, Runicinscriptions from around 200 • West Germanic(Anglo-Saxon from around 600) • Special features: the Germanicsoundshift, Verner’s Law

  16. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Germanicbranch • Goth. fadar, ON faðir, OHGfater • Goth. broþar, ON broðir, OHGbruoder • Goth. twai, ON tueir, OHGzwa • Goth. þreis, ON þrir, OHGdri

  17. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Celticbranch • 1972: • européens • Continental Celtic: Gaulish, Celtiberian, Lepontic • InsularCeltic • a. Goidelic • Irish – ogaminscriptions from 300 AD; glosses from 7. century; Scottish Gaelic; Manx • b. Brythonic • Welsh (from 12. century) • Cornish • Breton

  18. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Celticbranch • Oir. aithir • Oir. brathair, Welsh brawd, Bret. Breur • Oir. dau • Oir. tri, Welsh tri

  19. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Italicbranch • Latino-Faliscan (Latin -> Romance languages) a. Latin – from 7. og 6. centuryBC b. Faliscan 2. Sabellic a. The Umbriangroup (Iguvine tablets) b. South Picene and Presamnitic (from 6. centuryBC) c. The Oscangroup (5. – 1. centuryBC)

  20. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Italicbranch • Lat. pater, Osc. patir • Lat. frater, Umbr. fratrom (acc.) • Lat. duo, Umbr. dur • Lat. tres, Osc. trís

  21. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Balto-Slavicbranch • Baltic a. East Baltic (Lithuanian from around 1500, Latvian) • b. West Baltic (Old Prussian, 16. century) • 2. Slavic • a. East Slavic: Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian • b. South Slavic: Slovene, Serbocroatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian • c. West Slavic: Polish, Sorbian, Czech, Slovak

  22. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Balto-Slavicbranch • (Russ. otec etc.) • OCSbrati, Lith. Broterelis • OCSduva, Lith. Dù • OCS. trije, Lith. trys

  23. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Albanianbranch Albanian from 15. century AD Twomaindialects: Tosk (Southern Albania, Greece, Southern Italy) and Geg (Northern Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia) dü ‘two’; tre ‘three’

  24. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Greek branch • Greek, from Mycenaean (1400-1200 BC) to modern Greek • Variousancientdialects: Attic-Ionian, Aeolian, Arcado-Cypriot (Eastern Greek), Doric (Western Greek) • pater;phrater (member of a brotherhood); duo; treis

  25. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab The Armenianbranch Armeniansince 410 AD; twomodern branches, Eastern and Western Armenian Hayr ‘father’, elbayr ‘brother’, erku ‘two’, erekh ‘three’

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