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Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation. Pope. Clergy. Monks/Nuns. Believers. Failed in Italy. Popes directly involved with affairs of state Spanish/HRE Hapsburgs support Pope Dominant in Southern Italy and Venetia Italian Peninsula remained loyal to Catholicism.

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Protestant Reformation

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  1. Protestant Reformation Pope Clergy Monks/Nuns Believers

  2. Failed in Italy • Popes directly involved with affairs of state • Spanish/HRE Hapsburgs support Pope • Dominant in Southern Italy and Venetia • Italian Peninsula remained loyal to Catholicism

  3. Catholic Church was a source of wealth for Italians • Italian Renaissance and Papal patronage made Italy rich • Italian universities made questioning theological questions unheard of

  4. Succeeded in Northern Euro • Church members pay church tax • Tax $ went to Rome • Rulers saw none of the $ locally • Rulers resented this! • Church critics appeal to nationalistic sentiment • Luther = German • Wyclif = English • Huss = Bohemian (S. German or Slav)

  5. Reformers back Centralization of monarchy • Nobles saw chance to seize Church land • Printing press spread ideas quickly • Northern universities were more liberal and allowed for theological debate

  6. Causes • Corruption within • Simony, Nepotism, Pluralism, Absenteeism • Church division • Avignon Papacy • Great Schism of the West • Conciliar Movement

  7. Renaissance Humanism • Renaissance Secularism • Critics • Sale of Indulgences • Renaissance Popes

  8. Early Critics: John Wyclif 1320-1384 English Friar Criticized vices of clergy Criticized Papal taxes and authority Anti-transubstantiation Scripture, not tradition, is authority Followers = Lollards Lollard peasant revolt (1381) hurt Wyclif’s cause

  9. Early Critics: Jon Huss 1369-1415 Czech Priest Similar to Wyclif in many ways Bohemia support Huss: State challenge to Papal authority Followers = Hussites Huss burned at stake: Council of Constance

  10. Renaissance Critics: Erasmus 1466-1536 True religion = inward sincerity Pious devotion Outward ritual and ceremony meaningless Scripture is guide; not priesthood Severe Humanist critic (Christian Humanism) In Praise of Folly

  11. Renaissance Critics: More 1478-1535 Idea of communal living No class distinctions No competition (economic) Defied Henry VIII Catholic martyr (executed by Henry) Utopia

  12. Storyline • Renaissance Popes focus on patronage of arts and wealth • Pope Leo X authorize Tetzel to sell Indulgences to help pay for re-building of St Peter’s Basilica • Indulgences used since Crusades to raise funds • Tetzel expands their use/application

  13. Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis questioning use of Indulgences (1517) • Luther meant to reform Church from within (Luther was a monk) • 95 Thesis widely read • N German States used Luther to express their ideas or further their political/economic goals

  14. Papal delegates and Luther debate: Luther refused to recant • Luther excommunicated • German states hide/support Luther • Henry VIII uses Luther to further his ends and breaks from Rome • Other’s began protests and were supported by various states • John Calvin, John Knox, Zwingli, Wesley, etc

  15. Martin Luther 1483-1546 Justification by Faith 2 Sacraments True Authority = Bible Priesthood of followers Consubstantiation Bishops = Administrators only

  16. Reject Papal authority Clergy may marry Religious services in the vernacular Church is subordinate to the State

  17. Key Eventsregarding Luther • Posting of 95 Thesis (1517) • Debate with Johann Eck in Leipzig (1520) • Luther Excommunicated • Diet of Worms (1521) • Luther Outlawed by HRE

  18. Peasants Revolt (1524-1525) • Swabian Peasant uprising (12 Articles) • Luther Admonished them • We should obey rulers here on Earth • Catholics & Lutherans suppressed uprising • Confessions of Augsburg (1530) • Written by Philip Melanchthon • Compromise in attempt to reconcile Lutheranism & Catholicism • Rejected by Catholics • Became central statement of Lutheran belief

  19. League of Schmalkalden (1531) • Formed by German princes to defend against Charles V drive to re-Catholicize German States • Francis I of France allied with the League (even though he was Catholic – see below) • Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1555) • France try to keep Germany divided (aiding Lutherans accomplished this aim) • Charles victorious over the League in 1547 (too late – Lutheranism held too much sway)

  20. 8. PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555) • Temporary end to Lutheran-Catholic Struggle in German States • Cuius regio, eius religio “Whose the religion, his the religion” • Princes choose Lutheran or Catholic for his state • Re-affirmed independence of German States • Ensured division of German States (stunted German Nationalism)

  21. Still to Come… • Calvinism • Zwingli • Anglicanism • Anabaptists and Mennonites • Unitarianism • Presbyterianism • Catholic Counter Reformation

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