Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation Ch 11

I. The Causes • Breakdown of society : Black Death, Hundred Years' War, etc • Catholic Church under lavish Pope • Avignon Papacy • Church taxes • 1/3 of Europe owned by church • Simony: sons of aristocrats buy into clergy ex. • Indulgences- Sin Passes (Church Fundraising) • Printing Press • Use of Vernacular

II. Martin Luther • Martin Luther (1483-1546) German Monk • Originally was going to study law • Made change after a lightning storm • Joined Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg • Doctorate in Theology • Taught theology at a University in Wittenberg • Became distraught over Catholic Churches teachings and his own sinfulness

II. Martin Luther • Through studying of the Bible, began to see major doctrinal issues with the Catholic Church • Salvation through works • Realized he was far too sinful to earn his way to heaven • Believed salvation was repentance and faith in Christ • Good works was a result, not the cause • Indulgences could not be true • Salvation bought and sold • Problem with John Tetzel

II. Martin Luther • 95 Theses (October 31, 1517) • Originally called "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” • Sent in a letter to Archbishop Albert of Mainz • Greatly questioned usage of indulgences and works salvation • Stressed that salvation was paid by Christ on the cross • Resulted in being brought before Dominican Order in Augsburg- Trial for heresy

II. Martin Luther • Later challenged infallibility of the pope and inerrancy of church councils • Bible alone is authority on religious matters • Questioned 7 sacraments • Only baptism and communion are biblical

II. Martin Luther • Baptism • Usually of Infantsbut also of adult converts • Eucharist • Communion • Reconciliation • Penance/ Confession • Confirmation • Confirmation of following the Catholic Church • Marriage • Symbol of unity of Christ and the Church • Holy Orders • Holy Orders, or Ordination, the priest being ordained vows to lead other Catholics by bringing them the sacraments (especially the Eucharist), by proclaiming the Gospel, and by providing other means to holiness. • Anointing of the Sick • Last Rites or Extreme Unction

II. Martin Luther • June 15, 1520 • Pope Leo X condemned Luther of heresy • 60 days to recant or be excommunicated • April 1521 Diet of Worms • Luther was ordered to recant by Catholic Church leaders and Charles V (HRE) • Said he could not do so in good conscience • May 26, 1521- Outlaw under both Church and Imperial Law • Frederick the Wise of Saxony had men “kidnap” him and hide him in a castle • Translated New Testament into German (Erasmus)

II. Martin Luther • After going into hiding, Luther was forced to lead the reformation by correspondence • Luther later argued that priest should be able to marry (later married a former nun) • Luther argued the major doctrines of the Catholic Church but left some “minor” ones • Infant baptism • Kept transubstantiation- wine and bread become blood and flesh

III. Ulrich Zwingli • Zwingli (1484-1531) leader of the Swiss Reformation • Chaplain for the Swiss mercenaries • Politically involved in trying to end Swiss Mercenary Service • Later became a priest • Major issues were indulgences and religious superstitions • Also sought to end celibacy • Ending fasting for Lent • Not in the Bible- not practiced

II. Ulrich Zwingli • Disagreements with Luther • Eucharist • Luther- transubstantiation • Zwingli- Symbolic of sacrifice of the cross • Catholic Church • Luther- Reform the church and Bible focus • Zwingli- Break from church and its superstitions • Agreed on salvation by faith and infant baptism

II. Ulrich Zwingli • Swiss Civil Wars • Catholics vs. Protestants • 2nd Battle of Kappel • October 1531- Zwingli was wounded and then executed • Ended with peace treaty allowing each canton choosing its religion

III. Anabaptist • To Re-baptize • Rejected infant baptism • Baptism only allowed for believing adults • Later accepted by most protestants • Precursors to the Mennonites and Amish • Persecuted heavily

IV. John Calvin • John Calvin (1509-1564)- French Theologian • Leader of the Genevan Reformation • Became more popular than Martin Luther • Spread through most of Europe • Major teachings summed up with Tulip

IV. John Calvin • T- Total Depravity • U- Unconditional Election • L- Limited atonement (only for elect) • I-Irresistible grace (elect can’t resist) • P- Perseverance of the saints (can’t lose salvation)

IV. John Calvin • Went to Geneva after numerous political/religious upheavals • Was fleeing persecution in France • Went about reforming religious beliefs and applying it to the political realm • Made Geneva a place of exile for other protestants • Protected women- punished domestic abuse • Discussed major doctrinal beliefs in Institutes of the Christian Religion

V. English Reformation • William Tyndale- Translated Bible into English • King Henry VIII • Initially opposed Protestantism • Had Pope Leo X allow him to marry Catherine of Aragon (Charles V cousin) • Wanted an annulment since he only had a daughter (Mary) • Pope refused • Henry (with help from Cranmer and Cromwell) broke from the church • Created Anglican Church

V. English Reformation • 1529- Reformation Parliament • Took place over 7 years • Made the Monarch the head of England’s religious matters • Henry could annul his marriage (to marry Anne Boleyn) • Act of Supremacy 1534- “the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England” • Allows each successor to change religion

V. English Reformation • Henry VIII’s Wives • Catherine of Aragon (Annulment) • Mary • Anne Boleyn (Executed) • Elizabeth • Jane Seymour (Died during childbirth) • Edward VI • Anne of Cleves (Annulment) • Resulted in Cromwell being executed • Catherine Howard(Executed) • Catherine Parr (Outlived Henry)

V. English Reformation • Anglican church was still very tied to the Catholic Church • Same basic beliefs- just Pope is not in charge • Suffered setbacks under successors • Thrived shortly under Edward VI • Mary I brought back Catholicism fervently • Elizabeth I brought peace between the religions

VI. Catholic Reforms • Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola • Spanish knight turned priest • Pushed for a moral self-discipline and self-sacrifice • Focus on denying self • Uncompromising loyalty to the Church • Slowed the conversion to Protestantism

VI. Catholic Reforms • Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Commission to reform some of the problems in the church • Re-assert Catholic Church’s doctrine • Broken up over 3 separate sessions • Controlled by the Pope • Led by Caspar Contarini • Criticized simony • Criticized lavish spending of the Catholic Church • Forced Bishops to live within their dioceses and strengthen their power • But forced them to become more active

VI. Catholic Reforms • Council of Trent continued… • Priest • Required to be professional looking • Educated • Celibate • No concubine • Active in the church and community

VII. Cultural Changes • Women • Gained more rights • Punished abusive husbands • Right to divorce • Found to be “equal” with men • Became better educated

VII. Cultural Changes • Marriage • Became married at a later age • Had less children • Arranged marriages • Took couples emotions into consideration • Approved by parents

VII. Cultural Changes Literature • Spain • More of a Catholic background • Chivalry was romanticized • Cervantes • Famous for Don Quixote • Satire of the nobility and their preoccupation with heroics and chivalry • Philosophic and Religious subtle

VII. Cultural Changes • William Shakespeare (1564-1616) • Most notably known for his plays • Romeo and Juliet • King Lear • Hamlet • Macbeth • Credited with numerous Sonnets • Actor, playwright and theater owner • Would adapt his writings to fit that of the views of the royal family

VIII. Conclusion • Reformation created a group that broke from the leading of the Catholic Church • Loosened the Catholic Church’s hold over Europe • Forced the Catholic Church to reform its practices • Paved the way for a stronger secular rule over states and territories • Changed the dynamics of the European household

Protestant Reformation