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The Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate. Rise and Fall Cultural Achievement Push Towards Southeast Asia. Spread of Islam at Dawn of Abbasid Caliphate. Height of Abbasid Power. Abbasid Caliphate (755-1258). Early Years Spread Islam throughout Africa, Parts of Europe, Asia

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The Abbasid Caliphate

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  1. The Abbasid Caliphate Rise and Fall Cultural Achievement Push Towards Southeast Asia

  2. Spread of Islam at Dawn of Abbasid Caliphate

  3. Height of Abbasid Power

  4. Abbasid Caliphate (755-1258) • Early Years • Spread Islam throughout Africa, Parts of Europe, Asia • Consolidated power, supressed enemies, adopted Sunni Islam • Moved Capital to Bagdhad, Wazirs made laws for entire empire • Conversion incentive: no jiyza, government and military roles, better school • Trade networks from Spain to Southern China • Furniture, carpets, jewelry, tapistries • Cultural flowering, blend of Hellenistic, Persian Indian, Egyptian, Jewish, and Christian traditions of scholarship • Math, science, philosophy, astronomy, medicine, ethics • Slave labor common

  5. Political Decline • Political Disorganization • Bad Caliphs Al- Mahdi, Al Rashid, 755-809 • – extravagant, corrupt, untrustworthy (Thousand and one Nights) • Dependent on Persian advisors • Relied on slave mercenary armies, 70,000 strong by 833 CE, dictated Caliph power • Heavy taxes on peasants, villages destroyed, food rebellion, Shi’a uprising • Buyids – powerful Persian family take Bagdhad in 945 • Caliphs become puppet of Buyid Sultan • 1045 – Seljuk Turks take power from Buyids, rule Abbasid Caliphate, put down Shi’a Uprisings, Spread to Anatolia (will find Ottoman Empire) • 1220 – Chinngis Khan raids Turko-Persian Kingdom • 1258 – Bagdhad sacked by Mongols, last Abbasid Caliph Killed

  6. Cultural Flowering • Expanding trade networks and intellectual creativity • Artisans – design palaces, mosques, Persian rugs • Persian Literature • Arabic is language of religion and law, Persian of creative writing – Historical Epics, Shah-Nama, illustrated, performed • Math and Science • Combined pre-existing knowledge with new innovations • Al- Razi – chemistry and minerals, physician • Al-Biruni – specific weight of 18 Minerals • Corrected Greek algebra and geometry – sine, cosine, tangent • Health – hospitals and medical exams • Astronomy – astrolabe, mapping, constellations • Machinery – silk weaving, paper making, map making • Religion • Al-Ghazali fusion of Greek philosophy and Quaran • Sufis – mystics, wandering, popular, closer relationship with Allah, “find Allah in all things”

  7. Islam moves to Southeast Asia

  8. INDIA • First Wave • Muslim Invaders began to enter the Indian Subcontinent in the 7th Century • Conflict between Islam and Hindu beliefs • Exclusive worship vs. many deities • Transcendent God vs. idol worship • All equal vs. caste system • Northern India • Collapse of Gupta Empire in 604 • Harsha, successful ruler, embraces Buddhism, unites most of India • Dies in 646, leaves no successor, first Muslim traders arrive in 711 • Muhammad in Qasm gains Sind, in Western India for Ummayad Empire • Cultural Fusion • Indian Number system • Indian physicians go to Bagdhad • Chess, Indian food, dress, architecture arrive in Abbasid Territory • Arab colonies in Mulabar and Bengal

  9. INDIA, Second Wave • 926 – Seljuk Turks move toward India • Muhammad of Ghur – takes most of Northern and Central India • Capital at Delhi, ruled by Muslims for 300 Years • Conversion? • Sufi mystics travel along trade routs • Build mosques and schools, form militias, welcome lower caste members • Convert many Buddhists • Muslim rulers absorb Hindu practices, alternate caste system • Hindu Opposition • Higher caste Hindus oppose Muslim conversions • Bhaki – Hindu cults to reach supernatural – popular rituals, dances, festivals • Stemmed Muslim conversion • Brahman encourage Hindu disunity with Islam

  10. Southeast Asia • Muslim Merchants and Sufi mystics travel to Southeast Asian Islands from India • Win convertsin Java by adopting animist, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions • Sumatra, Malayan Peninsula, Java, center for trade between China, India, Europe (SPICES) • 8th Century, Muslims dominate East Indian Trade • 13th Century – Java Buddhist rule collapses • Malacca, Demake, Philipines, all convert • Conversion easier along trade ports • Sufi Mystics • Establish schools and mosques • Allow pre-Islamic customs, puppet plays based on Brahman age, worship of old deities and spirits, Hindu-Buddhist symbols worn by Muslim rulers

  11. Lotus Flower – purity Endless knot – harmony Pair of Fish – happiness Victory Banner- Victory Wheel – Knowledge Treasure vase – wealth Conch shell – Buddhist thoughts Parasol – crown, protection

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