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John 18-19

John 18-19. The Passion Narrative. Broad Outline of Fourth Gospel. Ch. 1 Introduction: Prologue and Witness of John Ch. 2-12 Jesus Before the World ("Book of Signs")

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John 18-19

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  1. John 18-19 The Passion Narrative

  2. Broad Outline of Fourth Gospel Ch. 1 Introduction: Prologue and Witness of John Ch. 2-12 Jesus Before the World ("Book of Signs") Theme: Through signs and discourses, Jesus reveals himself as the Son of God, sent to save the world, but is rejected by the world. Ch. 2-4 Images of New Salvation Ch. 5-10 Growing hostility Ch. 11-12 Final rejection Ch. 13-20 Jesus Before the Disciples("Book of Passion/Glory") Theme: Having been rejected by the world, Jesus prepares the disciples for his departure to the Father. Ch. 13 Last Supper Ch. 14-16 Farewell Discourse Ch. 17 Jesus’ “High Priestly” Prayer Ch. 18-19 Passion Narrative Ch. 20 Resurrection Ch. 21 Appendix: Appearance in Galilee

  3. John 18-19The Passion Narrative“No one takes my life from me, but I lay it down of my own accord” (10:18). John’s Passion Narrative depicts Jesus in total control. • Jesus’ Arrest in the Garden (18:1-11) • Interrogation by Annas and Peter’s Denial (18:12-27) • The Trial before Pontius Pilate (18:28-19:16) • Crucifixion and Burial (19:16-42)

  4. Jesus’ Arrest in the Garden(18:1-11) • John’s setting (v. 1-3). • A “garden” across Kidron valley – not called “Gethsemane.” • Judas brings “cohort” (600-1000) of soldiers plus temple police.

  5. Jesus’ Arrest in the Garden(18:1-11) 2. Jesus takes the initiative (v. 4-6). • No kiss on the cheek from Judas. • Identifies himself with an absolute “I am.” • Reaction of soldiers is typical of theophany scenes.

  6. Jesus’ Arrest in the Garden(18:1-11) 3. Jesus protects the disciples (v. 7-9). 4. Peter defends Jesus by drawing a sword (v. 10-11). • Only FG names Peter and high priest’s slave (Malchus). • Jesus was “betrayed twice” in the garden. • Jesus rejects the way of violence/retaliation; vows to “drink the cup the Father has given me” (cf. Mk. 14:36).

  7. Interrogation by Annas and Peter’s Denial (18:12-27) • Annas interrogates Jesus (v. 19-24). • Former high priest (6-15 AD); father-in-law of Caiaphas. • Interrogates Jesus about “his disciples and his teaching.” • Jesus is rebuked and slapped for insolence; protests the injustice. • Annas sends him to Caiaphas, current high priest (18-36 AD). • No trial before Caiaphas and Sanhedrin is recorded (as in Mk. 14). Modern church built on traditional site of Caiaphas’ house. Steps may be first-century.

  8. Interrogation by Annas and Peter’s Denial (18:12-27) 2. Peter’s denial (v. 15-18, 25-27) frames Jesus’ interrogation. • The “other disciple” who gets Peter into courtyard of high priest may be “Beloved Disciple.” • Standing by charcoal fire (v. 18), Peter denies Jesus three times. • Fulfills Jesus’ prediction (13:38) and prepares for Peter’s rehabilitation, beside another charcoal fire (21:9, 15-17). Modern church built on traditional site of Caiaphas’ house. Steps may be first-century.

  9. The Trial before Pontius Pilate (18:28-19:16) 1. Setting and structure. • Rome reserved the right to execute. • Pontius Pilate (procurator/prefect 26-36 AD) in Jerusalem for feast. • Early Friday morning, chief priests bring Jesus to “praetorium” (procurator’s residence/headquarters). • “The Jews” refuse to enter praetorium to avoid defilement so they could eat Passover on Friday evening (v. 28). • FG depicts Pilate engaged in “shuttle diplomacy” between Jesus inside the praetorium and “the Jews” outside. 2. Three key themes in John’s version of the trial: • Emphasis on Pilate’s conviction of Jesus’ innocence. • Three times he pronounces Jesus innocent: “I find no case against him” (18:38; 19:4, 6). • Three times he tries to release him: • Custom of releasing prisoner at Passover – but they want Barabbas (18:39-40). • Has him flogged and mocked – but they shout for crucifixion (19:5-6). • Tries again – but they shout, “If you release this man, you are no friend of the emperor” (19:12). • Pilate’s reluctance is historically questionable. (Who killed Jesus?)

  10. The Trial before Pontius Pilate (18:28-19:16) • Three key themes in John’s version of the trial (cont.): • Emphasis on Jesus’ kingship. • Whole Passion Narrative presents Jesus as “King;” theme is concentrated here. • “King” is used 12 times; “kingdom/kingship” 2 times. • Interrogation revolves around question, “Are you the King of the Jews?” (18:33). • “My kingdom is not from this world” – not based on worldly values / methods but on “truth” (v. 36-38). (Pilate: “What is truth?”) • In the end, “the Jews” embrace Caesar as their only king (19:15). • Emphasis on Passover. • “The Jews” refuse to enter praetorium to keep pure for Passover (18:28). • Barabbas is released for Passover custom (18:39). • Jesus is condemned at noon on Day of Preparation; crucified as Passover lambs were being slaughtered in Temple (19:14). • John’s chronology depicts Jesus as true Passover Lamb. • Irony: “the Jews” avoid defilement in order to eat Passover, yet reject Jesus, the true Pascal Lamb.

  11. Crucifixion and Burial (19:16-42) “Gordon’s Calvary” • Jesus carries his own Cross to Golgotha (v. 16-18). • Differs from Synoptics, where Simon of Cyrene carries it (Mk. 15:21). • Supports FG’s theme of Jesus being in total control. • May be anti-docetic (some Gnostics claimed that Simon was crucified instead of Jesus). • Crucifixion itself is described with great economy of detail (cf. Mel Gibson).

  12. Crucifixion and Burial (19:16-42) • Pilate’s inscription was customary practice (v. 19-22). • “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews” (INRI). • Intended to mock, but truer than he realized. • “Three languages” expresses universalism of gospel. • Jesus dies as a King – enthroned on a Cross – by which he conquers the world. • Soldiers dividing up Jesus’ clothing was customary (v. 23-24). • Fulfills Scripture (Ps. 22:18). • Only FG has casting lots for “seamless tunic” (unity of church).

  13. Crucifixion and Burial (19:16-42) • Three sayings from the Cross: • “Woman, behold your son…Behold your mother” (v. 25-27). • Nucleus of a new community of believers. • Christian community is a “family” of “children of God” bound together by faith rather than blood. • “I thirst” (v. 28-29). • Fulfills Scripture – “they gave me vinegar to drink” (Ps. 69:21). • Hyssop was used at Passover to sprinkle blood on doorposts(Ex. 12:22). • Thirsting may be anti-docetic motif. • “It is finished” (v. 30). • Mission from the Father is accomplished. • “Hands over” his own spirit.

  14. Crucifixion and Burial (19:16-42) • Breaking of the legs and the spear-thrust (v. 31-37). • Intended to hasten death before start of Sabbath at sundown. • Jesus’ legs not broken, as Passover lamb’s were not (Ex. 12:46). • Spear-thrust yielding “blood and water”: • Confirms reality of Jesus’ death and fulfills Scripture (Zech. 12:10). • “He who saw it” may be “Beloved Disciple.” • Anti-docetic: humans have blood and water; gods have no blood. • Some see symbolism of baptism and Lord’s Supper.

  15. Crucifixion and Burial (19:16-42) • The burial (v. 38-42). • Joseph of Arimathea, described as “secret disciple,” gets custody of body. • Nicodemus provides lavish burial spices (100 pounds of myrrh and aloes). • Together they anoint Jesus’ body and give him a burial fit for a king. • Buried in a “new tomb” located in a “garden.” “Garden Tomb”

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