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AP Psychology : Motivation

AP Psychology : Motivation. Motivation. Motivation – an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal . Social Motives.

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AP Psychology : Motivation

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  1. AP Psychology : Motivation

  2. Motivation • Motivation – an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.

  3. Social Motives • Opening Activity: A recent study indicated that 70 percent of high school students and 56 percent of middle school students have cheated on an exam in the past year. • What do you think is the primary motivation for cheating in high school? Explain your answer.

  4. Motivation • Types Motivation • Drives versus motives

  5. Motivation • Types Motivation • Drives versus motives • Intrinsic motivation • Extrinsic motivation

  6. Theories of Motivation • Theories of Motivation • Instinct theory (inherited) • Fixed action patterns • Theoretical problems

  7. Theories of Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theory (biological) • Biological needs • Homeostasis • Theoretical problems

  8. Theories of Motivation • Cognitive theory (mind) • Social learning theory Julian Rotter • Locus of control • Internal locus • Self- efficacy • External locus

  9. Theories of Motivation • Psychodynamic Theory (Freud) • Sex drive (eros) • Death drive (thanatos)

  10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Discussion: Imagine you and your friends are stranded on a deserted island. The island is in the northern Atlantic, and it is September. There are no other people, buildings, electricity on the island; however, there is vegetation and some small game animals. • List the first several steps that you would take to secure your groups survival on the island.

  11. Theories of Motivation • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (humanistic)

  12. A Hierarchy of Motives

  13. A Hierarchy of Motives

  14. A Hierarchy of Motives

  15. A Hierarchy of Motives

  16. A Hierarchy of Motives

  17. A Hierarchy of Motives

  18. A Hierarchy of Motives

  19. Theories of Motivation • Reflection: Which theory of motivation best describes your motivation to go to college? Explain your answer.

  20. Theories of Motivation • In scoring, responses placed before items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14 should be reversed (6 = 1, 5 = 2, 4 = 3, 3 = 4, 2 = 5, 1 = 6) and then added to the responses before the rest of the items. Total scores can range from 15 to 90. College students have a mean score of about 60.

  21. Theories of Motivation • A gender difference in the scores approached significance, with females scoring slightly higher than males. Factor analysis identified at least four factors measured by the scale: autonomy, self-acceptance, acceptance of emotions, and trust and responsibility in interpersonal relations.

  22. Theories of Motivation • The index was also correlated with other scales. According to these other scales, high scorers on the index tend to live in the present, rather than in the past with guilt and regret or in the future with over idealized goals and fears. High scorers also tend to be inner-directed, extraverted, and rational in their thoughts and behaviors.

  23. Theories of Motivation • Opening Activity: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

  24. Theories of Motivation • Achievement Motivation • Psychological motive • Operates at a conscious level • Affected by culture • Individualist versus collectivist

  25. Theories of Motivation • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Murray & McClelland • Measures themes of story • n Ach score • Characteristics of high scores • Persistence • Higher IQ’s • Leadership • More successful and competitive

  26. Theories of Motivation • Hunger Motivation • Multi-System Approach • Hypothalamus

  27. Theories of Motivation • Hunger Motivation • Multi-System Approach • Hypothalamus • Set point • Sweet & high fat foods

  28. Theories of Motivation • Hunger Motivation • Multi-System Approach • Hypothalamus • Set point • Sweet & high fat foods • Fat cells

  29. Theories of Motivation • Hunger Motivation • Multi-System Approach • Hypothalamus • Set point • Sweet & high fat foods • Fat cells • Other triggers and environmental cues (group discussion)

  30. Weight Discrimination

  31. Theories of Motivation • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Environmental and biological

  32. Theories of Motivation • Human Sexuality • Alfred Kinsey (video clip) • Masters and Johnson

  33. Theories of Motivation • Human Sexuality • Alfred Kinsey (video clip) • Masers and Johnson

  34. Theories of Motivation • Human Sexuality • Alfred Kinsey (video clip) • Masters and Johnson • Testosterone • Sexual cues • Sexual scripts

  35. Theories of Motivation

  36. Theories of Motivation

  37. Theories of Motivation • The Stress Response • Stress versus stressor • Primitive stressors • Starvation • Exposure • Mortal attack • “fight or flight” • Limbic system • Amygdala and Hypothalamus • “tend or befriend”

  38. Theories of Motivation • Traumatic stressors • Catastrophe • Five stages • Psychic numbness • Automatic action • Communal effort • Letdown • Recovery • Posttraumatic Stress (PTSD)

  39. Theories of Motivation • General Adaption Syndrome (Hans Selye’s) • Three Stages • Alarm reaction • Resistance • Exhaustion

  40. Theories of Motivation • Stress and the immune system • Type A = competitive, impatient, perfectionist • Type B = Relaxed approach • Learned helplessness

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