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Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion. Chapter 4 George S. Robinson, Jr., Ph.D. Department of Psychology North Carolina A&T State University. What is Motivation?. Motivation physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal , direction and persistence of behavior

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Motivation and Emotion

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  1. Motivation and Emotion Chapter 4 George S. Robinson, Jr., Ph.D. Department of Psychology North Carolina A&T State University

  2. What is Motivation? • Motivation • physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal, direction and persistence of behavior • the “why” in psychology

  3. Theories of Motivation • Biological theories • instincts • releasing stimuli • sociobiology - the study of the genetic and evolutionary basis of social behavior • drive - internal motivational state created by a physiological need • homeostasis - tendency of the body to maintain an optimum balanced range of physiological processes • drive-reduction model -motivated behavior is directed toward the reduction of a physiological need • optimum-level theory - the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another

  4. Cognitive Theories • Cognitive dissonance • aversive state when an individual holds two incompatible thoughts or cognitions • Incentive theory • theory that views behavior as motivated by the goal that the organism seeks to attain

  5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  6. Basic Conflicts • approach-approach conflict • a choice must be made between two attractive goals • avoidance-avoidance • a choice must be made between two unattractive goals • approach-avoidance • a choice must be made whether to pursue a single goal that has attractive and unattractive aspects • multiple approach-avoidance • choices must be made between several goals with attractive and unattractive aspects

  7. Specific Motives • Hunger • Sex • Achievement • Affiliation

  8. Hunger • Glucostatic theory • when glucose levels drop, we feel hungry • lipostatic theory • person’s long-term normal weight varies around a set-point; when the weight drops below a the set-point, we feel hungry

  9. Glucostatic Theory

  10. Sex • external factors • pheromones - chemical odors that influence sexual behavior • hormones • (androgens) i.e., testosterone dominate in men • (estrogens) i.e., estradiol dominate in women • brain mechanisms • hypothalamus

  11. The Sexual Response • excitement • plateau • orgasm • resolution • refractory period

  12. Survey of Sexual Behavior

  13. Orgasm with Partner

  14. Sexual Dysfunctions • premature ejaculation • female orgasmic disorder

  15. Achievement and Affiliation • Achievement • manipulation of the environment according to established rules to attain a desired goal • Affiliation • the need to be with others and avoid being alone

  16. Emotion • Emotion • Physiological changes and conscious feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness, aroused by external and internal stimuli, that lead to behavioral reactions

  17. Theories of Emotion • Commonsense view • stimulus  emotion  physiological response • James-Lange theory • Stimulus  physiological  emotion • Cannon-Bard theory • emotional feelings and physiological changes occur at the same time, via the thalamus

  18. Emotions and the Brain • Limbic system • Amygdala • Evaluates the emotional meaning • Hippocampus • Processes memories (i.e., memories can elicit certain emotions) • Hypothalamus • Triggers the physiological response

  19. Emotions and the Brain – cont. • Hemispheres • Right hemisphere damage leaves some people emotional indifferent, no expressions, and the inability to interrupt emotions in others • In general, positive emotions activate the left hemisphere • Alexithymia – lack of emotional expression, more in men than women, probably learned, not recognized as a psychological disorder, yet. • In general, negative emotions activate the right hemisphere • Opponent-process theory of emotion • After an emotion response, the brain initiates the opposite reaction, trying to maintain homeostasis

  20. Polygraph (“lie detector test”)

  21. Expressive Components of Emotion • Six universal emotions • anger • disgust • fear • happiness • sadness • surprise

  22. Plutchik’s 8 Basic Emotions • joy • acceptance • fear • surprise • sadness • disgust • anger • anticipation

  23. Expressive Components of Emotion - cont. • facial feedback hypothesis • a certain facial expression will produce the corresponding emotion • display rules • culturally specific rules about expressing emotions • smiling • real smile versus a fake smile • nonverbal communication • body language • paralanguage • gender effects • the development of emotion

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