Gaining from Migration: Policy Proposals for Migration and Development

1. Gaining from Migration: Policy Proposals for Migration and Development Experts’ Meeting on Migration and Development, Brussels 28 March 2007

2. The OECD Development Centre A bridge between … • … OECD members and their partners Governing Board open to non-OECD members : Brazil, Chile, India, Romania, South Africa, Thailand • … research and economic policy Intellectual autonomy, not constrained by consensus • … different policy communities Focus on all development policies, not just development assistance • … various actors: governments, firms, NGOs Informal dialogue, capacity building

3. Better understand the new mobility system Identify policies to improve mobility management and enable integration Expand options for engaging sending countries Build a shared vision Objectives of the Gaining from Migration Project

4. Gaining from Migration: Key Outputs Migration, employment, growth Challenges for integration Diaspora networks Migration and development Final Report (proposals for managing a new mobility system) Evaluative reviews: what do we know about… Policy Briefs: synthesising policy lessons regarding…

5. Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, Central Europe Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova Ghana, Mali Morocco, Turkey Ecuador India Gaining from Migration: Regional and Country Case Studies

6. Inputs into the Policy Process June 05 Start Sept 07 Final Event? Jan 06: 1st Experts’ Meeting Jul 06: 2nd Experts’ Meeting Mar 07: 3rd Experts’ Meeting July 07 Global Forum on Migration and Development March 07 Haut Conseil de Coopération Internationale May 07 World Bank Conference April 07 Euro-Mediterranean Conference

7. Key Messages: Migration and Development The impact of migration on sending countries’ development varies over time and across countries Mobility of the low-skilled contributes most to poverty reduction Migrants of all skill levels fill gaps in OECD countries, with minimal negative effects on wages and unemployment

8. Key Messages: Policy Innovations • Look at migration policies through a development lens • Integrate international migration into development strategies • Overhaul the organisation of migration management • Make policies more coherent for more effective management

9. The Migration Life Cycle Migration’s Effect on Growth and Poverty Reduction Source: OECD (2007)

10. Europe attracts fewer highly educated migrants Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

11. Less-educated migrants don’t come from the poorest countries Source: Data from OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004; WDI; authors’ analysis.

12. Percent of Tertiary Educated Population in OECD Countries Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

13. Highly-Educated Migrants from Eastern and Central Europe Red: N America; Green: EU 15; Blue: other Europe; Yellow: Other

14. Estimates of the Irregular Migrant Stock * = Subsequent regularisations not accounted for in these estimates. Source: OECD 2005.

15. Major developing country diasporas in the EU Foreign-born or foreign (*) populations Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006.

16. Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000) Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN Trends in Migrant Stock.

17. (1) Look at migration policies through a development lens

18. High-skill migration: an important driver for growth and innovation Emigration of highly-skilled persons can be beneficial for sending countries. Compensation schemes and recruiting restraints hard to administer and usually ineffective. Potential for general guidelines of recruitment and partnership arrangements. Multiple entry visas, temporary work schemes and subsidisation of replenishment activities.

19. Low-skill migration: an important driver for poverty reduction Low-skill migration has greater impact on poverty reduction than migration of professionals. Only 17% of low-skilled migrants in the EU15 come from low income countries. Dominant destination of low-skilled migrants is other developing countries. Temporary migration likely to be chosen over permanent settlement if costs are not too high.

20. Smart visa policies for legal migration and development Proliferation of temporary employment schemes: joint management in 57 out of 92 countries. Limitations of specific duration guest worker programmes Multiple entry visas: device to ease return and circularity. Continuous and active monitoring of contracting arrangements. Pre-departure training and language courses.

21. Remittances : who benefits? The poor if: Poorer families migrate Poor overseas migrants remit Potential gains depend on admission criteria, duration of absence , family separation, intention to return. Migration of highly skilled who settle permanently abroad with their families bring little by way of remittances to the home country. Non-receiving households benefit through multiplier and market integration effects.

22. Remittances: how to expand benefits? Remittances not a substitute for development assistance. Lower the cost of transfers: a priority for EU Member States. Provide improved access and innovative financial instruments. Codéveloppement: involve migrants and their associations

23. (2) Integrate international migration into development strategies

24. Integrating International Migration into Development Strategies For sending countries: integrate migration into • macroeconomic, • human resource management, • higher education, • infrastructure and • “South-South” policy initatives

25. Integrating International Migration into Development Strategies For EU Member States: • use partnership arrangements to interlink more effectively recruitment with capacity building and development in sending countries.

26. Effective partnerships Partnerships: a vehicle for maximising gains and minimising risks of international migration? OECD countries commit themselves to rethinking migration policies conducive to development, and development assistance for capacity building Sending countries commit themselves to mainstream migration and remittances into national development strategies

27. Enabling Diasporas Social and Economic Integration Knowledge of job opportunities Accessing social services Vectors of Trade and Investment Transnational networks create trade opportunities Preference for home-produced goods Development Co-operation Engage diasporas networks to facilitate return migrants Migrant networks to foster “virtual return” Co-development projects

28. (3) Overhaul the organisation of migration management

29. Overhauling the Organisation of Migration Management • National level: inter-ministerial initiatives to promote co-ordination of development and migration policies • Commission level: stronger systematic consultations across all relevant directorates

30. EU institutional set up for greater policy coherence Rethinking of existing institutional set ups and segmentation of policy competencies across ministries, directorates and organisations Strengthening systematic consultations across EC relevant directorates. Creation of a permanent inter-directorate liaison network as a powerful instrument for information exchange and policy consultation.

31. Migration management: Decision making in the EU JHA Council(27 EU interior ministers) General Affairs Council(27 EU foreign ministers) Coreper II (Commitee of Permanent Representatives of the member states) High-Level Working Group on Asylum and Immigration (Interior/justice reps) SCIFA (Interior/justice reps) Working parties Migration & Expulsion Visa CIREFI Frontiers & False Documents Asylum

32. (4) Make policies more coherent for more effective management

33. Policy coherence: what role for aid? Aid cannot really slow migration …but it can serve as a catalyst to: diffuse the benefits of migration facilitate adjustment Aid channelled to investments in infrastructure can facilitate domestic labour market integration. Aid channelled to capacity building can mitigate the negative impact of the brain drain.

34. Policy coherence: what role for trade policies? EU and OECD trade policies have a significant impact on living standards and income in low income countries and hence affect migration patterns. More coherence is needed between EU and OECD trade and migration policies. The international community needs to consider the scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low-skilled workers.

35. Policy coherence: what role for security policies? Sources of insecurity: inability to access strategic assets access to food or other inputs large market volatility failed institutional set ups Strategies for risk prevention, mitigation and coping: make the link to migration access to land and water assets ag. extension programmes, irrigation infrastructure capacity-building appropriate land titling and regulatory modernisation

36. For more info: www.oecd.org/dev/migration

37. Thank you for your attention!Merci de votre attention !Bedankt !