Gaining from Migration

1. Gaining from Migration Proposals for a New Mobility Management System RHODES 26-27 April 2007

2. Better understand the new mobility system Identify policies to improve mobility management Enable integration Expand options for engaging sending countries Build a shared vision Objectives of the Gaining from Migration Project

3. Gaining from Migration: Key Outputs Migration, employment, growth Challenges for integration Diaspora networks Migration and development Final Report (proposals for managing a new mobility system) Evaluative reviews: what do we know about… Policy Briefs: synthesising policy lessons regarding…

4. Inputs into the Policy Process June 05 Start Sept 07 Final Event? Jan 06: 1st Experts’ Meeting Jul 06: 2nd Experts’ Meeting Mar 07: 3rd Experts’ Meeting July 07 Global Forum on Migration and Development March 07 Haut Conseil de Coopération Internationale May 07 World Bank Conference April 07 Euro-Mediterranean Conference

5. EU Xavier Prats Monné, Director, DG Employment, EC (Antonis Kastrissianakis, former Director, DG Employment, EC) Costantinos Fotakis, DG Employment, EC (Germana Ricciardi, DG Employment, EC) OECD Louka T. Katseli, Director, Development Centre, OECD John Martin, Director, Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD Gaining from Migration: Steering Committee

6. Gaining from Migration: Core Project Team • Louka T. Katseli (OECD Development Centre), Scientific Director • Demetris Papademetriou (President, Migration Policy Institute) • Jeff Dayton-Johnson (OECD Development Centre) • Gregory Maniatis (Senior European Fellow, Migration Policy Institute) • Rainer Münz (Head Research & Development, Erste Bank) • Theodora Xenogiani (OECD Development Centre)

7. Advisory Board • Global Commission on International Migration • International and Multilateral Organisations and Bodies: International Labour Organisation; European Parliament; The World Bank; International Organisation for Migration • Public Sector: Agence Française de Développement; High Commissioner for Immigration and Ethnic Minorities, Portugal; Hellenic Migration Policy Institute • Civil society, the Private Sector: AXA France; Chamber of Commerce and Industry, India; Immigrant Council of Ireland • Universities: Universidad Complutense, Spain; University College of Cork, Ireland

8. Jobs and Confidence • Jobs: Migrants, their home countries, and EU countries all benefit if migrants and native workers are employed in jobs suited to their skills • Confidence: In rebuilding the mobility system, Member States must also rebuild public confidence in international migration – and the emerging mobility system

9. Topics for the Experts’ Meeting • New Migration Thinking for a New Century • Labour-Market and Visa Policies for an Age of Mobility • Enabling Integration • Partnerships for Mobility Management and Development • Encouraging Diaspora Networks

10. One Europe? Geography, history and politics matter • Geography, history and politics matter: • Historical and language ties e.g. France, Benelux, Morocco, Algeria, Spain, UK, India, Pakistan, Portugal, Ireland Turkey • Geographic proximity: e.g. Italy, Greece, Albania, Turkey, Germany, Austria Serb-Mont, Morocco • Humanitarian considerations: e.g. Denmark, Finland, Iraq, Serb-Mont, B-H, Sweden Iran Source: Katseli et al (2006)

11. Migration Flows in Europe Source: Muenz, Straubhaar, Vadean and Vadean (2006)

12. Share of people born in a country outside EU-27, 2005 Source: European LFS, Eurostat

13. Where do EU-15 migrants come from? Wider Europe 16.4%, of which Turkey: 5.8% Croatia: 1.0% Serbia-Montenegro: 2.2% Russia: 0.7% Albania: 1.7% Bulgaria: 0.3% Romania: 1.6% Lithuania: 0.3% Ukraine: 1.4% Belarus: 0.3% Bi-H: 1.1% Asia, 7.0%, of which India: 1.8% Pakistan: 1.2% Vietnam: 0.8% China: 0.7% Indonesia: 0.6% Bangladesh: 0.5% Philippines: 0.5% Sri Lanka: 0.4% Hong Kong, China: 0.3% Japan: 0.2% EU 15 Countries Latin America, 4.4% of which Ecuador: 0.7% Colombia: 0.7% Suriname: 0.6% Brazil: 0.6% Argentina: 0.5% Jamaica: 0.4% Venezuela: 0.4% Peru: 0.3% Chile: 0.2% Middle East, 1.5% of which Iran: 0.7% Iraq: 0.5% Lebanon: 0.3% Africa, 13.6% of which Morocco: 4.5% Nigeria: 0.4% Algeria: 3.9% Senegal: 0.4% Tunisia: 1.3% Somalia: 0.3% Angola: 0.6% Ghana: 0.3% South Africa: 0.6% Dem. Republic of Kenya: 0.4% Congo: 0.3% Egypt: 0.4% Mozambique: 0.2% Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

14. Recent changes in sending and receiving countries • Sharp increase of immigration in Spain, Italy and the UK • New sending countries: • Ukraine • China • Russian Federation • Latin America

15. Europe attracts fewer highly educated migrants Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

16. Less-educated migrants don’t come from the poorest countries Source: Data from OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004; WDI; authors’ analysis.

17. Percent of Tertiary Educated Population in OECD Countries Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004

18. Highly-Educated Migrants from Eastern and Central Europe Red: N America; Green: EU 15; Blue: other Europe; Yellow: Other

19. Estimates of the Irregular Migrant Stock * = Subsequent regularisations not accounted for in these estimates. Source: OECD 2005.

20. Major developing country diasporas in the EU Foreign-born or foreign (*) populations Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006.

21. Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000) Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN Trends in Migrant Stock.

22. New Thinking: Benefits for All • Goals of key stakeholders not necessarily at odds • Gradual “devolution” of immigrant selection to employers, traffickers and migrants • From “devolved selection” to an orderly, smart, flexibly regulated flow of legal migrants

23. What’s Old, What’s New, and Where We Need to Go Dysfunctional dichotomies: • Permanent vs. temporary migrants • Economic vs. family-based migrants • High vs. low skilled migrants • Sending vs. receiving countries

24. THE OLD Wary of “temporary” mobility Protects domestic labour markets Ignores migrants’ human capital Extends full benefits of social welfare THE NEW Recruits workers that fill real needs Provides early access to work Reforms educational and training systems Experiments with new forms of social benefits Old and New Ways of Thinking and Acting on Migration

25. The Age of Mobility • New tools (communication, monitoring, enforcement, reform) • New relationships between public and non-governmental sectors • New mechanisms for coherent policy making -- within and between Member States

26. Prerequisites for the New Mobility System • Recapturing control of public perception of the migration system • Addressing the admission/integration nexus • The levels of governance issue: who should do what? • Build effective partnerships with sending countries and diaspora networks

27. (1) Labour Market and Visa Policies for an Age of Mobility • Develop an Integrated Migration Monitoring System • Facilitate temporary and circular migration (e.g. multi-year visas) • Enable effective free movement within the European Union • Create opportunities for permanent residence and citizenship • Rethink Mode 4 to “organise the market”

28. (2) Enabling Integration • Provide fair, equal and early access to labour markets • Support education, language and adult learning • Explore innovative models of citizenship, civic participation and EU multicultural citizenship

29. (3) Partnerships for Mobility Management and Development • Look at migration policies through a development lens • Integrate international migration into development strategies • Overhaul the organisation of migration management • Make policies more coherent for more effective management

30. (4) Encouraging Diaspora Networks • Provide substantial funding to support migrant organisations and networks • Incorporate migrant organisations into the policy making process • Deepen co-development

31. For more info: www.oecd.org/dev/migration

32. Thank you for your attention!ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ !