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ETHICS in SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

ETHICS in SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. N. Yasemin YALIM , MD. PhD Professor of Bioethics Ankara University School of Medicine. RESEARCH. A structured work , consists of the development of methods for producing , testing and evaluation of knowledge,

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ETHICS in SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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  1. ETHICS in SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH N. Yasemin YALIM, MD. PhD Professor of Bioethics Ankara University School of Medicine

  2. RESEARCH A structured work, consists of the development of methods for producing, testing and evaluation of knowledge, in order to improve and contribute to the generalizable knowledge. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  3. RESEARCH in ENGINEERING An engineering research is a professional study in the fields of Engineering, and the general purpose of it is not to solve the immediate practical problems, but to take advantage of the newly created knowledge for the future. It is important not to forget the experimental nature of engineering paradigms in general. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  4. STEPS of a SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH • Planning • Application • Publication Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  5. PLANNING • Determining research subject • Selecting research question • Deciding about the method • Subject recruitment • Financial support • Confidentiality Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  6. RESEARCH QUESTION • Time allotted • Financial sources • Human resources • Labor Scientifically significant Expected outcomes must be important Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  7. DETERMINING the METHOD • Scientific validity • Appropriateness for the question • Applicability Trofim Lisenko Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  8. IDENTIFYING RESEARCH SUBJECTS • Adequate number • Voluntariness • First the least vulnerable groups (e.g. scientists, academics etc.) • Last the most vulnerable groups (e.g. immigrants, prisoners etc.). [Hans Jonas] Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  9. FINANCIAL SUPPORT • Government funds • Private sector funds • Research funds (University, NGOs etc.) Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  10. RELIABILITY • Who owns the data? • Which terms of confidentiality is in effect? Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  11. PUBLICATION • BASIC SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE is a publication, which (1) consists of the results of an original research, (2) in a format that enables other scientists to repeat the tests conducted and to assess the results and (3) published in a periodical or in another scientific literature that is easily accessible for the scientific community. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  12. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION is the last step of every scientific study. It is subject to definite rules and a certain structure. Besides informing the scientific community about the results, the ends of these rules are to enable the colleague scientists to check, use and reproduce the knowledge. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  13. A GOOD SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE should have • Correct information • Appropriate presentation Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  14. CORRECT INFORMATION • Dry Lab • Pruning • Normalization • Plagiarism • Piracy • Salamization Hwang Woo-Suk Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  15. TERMS • Dry Lab: Publishing the results of research that has not been done • Pruning: Manipulating the data by declaring the results which support the hypothesis • Normalization: Manipulating the data in order to achieve statistically more accurate results • Plagiarism: Publishing someone else’s article as a whole or partially • Piracy: Using someone else’s results or ideas without referring to him/her • Salamization: Dividing the data into smaller sections and publishing them seperately Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  16. APPROPRIATE PRESENTATION • Writers • Title • Abstracts • Methods • Discussion • References • Acknowledgements Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  17. WRITERS • The one who finds the question • The one who puts the hypothesis • The one who creates the method • The one who writes the article • Routine lab works • Statistical analysis • Mentorship • Translation • do not deserve authorship. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  18. TITLES & ABSTRACTS • Title should reflect the content • Slogan-like titles are unscientific • Abstracts should contain the results A scientific article is not a popular novel in which the mystery will be solved at the end. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  19. METHODS • is the most important part of a scientific paper and should be well written. • No hiding or distortion is allowed. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  20. REFERENCES • The writer should personally see all the material he/she refer to. • “…” shows a direct quote. • Self-reference (continuous); referring to foreign writers while overlooking the local studies are inappropriate. • Arrogance is also unethical in science. Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

  21. TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Research activities are regulated by international, national and institutional (local) rules. • It is O.K. toerr in science, but beingunethicalor immoral is a greatdishonorfor a scientist. • Scientificpublication is thelast step of a scientificstudyandtheethicalstatus of a scientificpaper is importantfortheentirescientificcommunity. • Allscientistshavetheresponsibility of investigatingtheethicalbasis of a scientificpaper, either as a writer, an editor, a revieweror a reader. • No scientific achievement is more valuable than a single human life (or suffering) Prof. Dr. Neyyire Yasemin YALIM

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