1 / 14

Ethics in research

Ethics in research. Biomedical research ethics came about as a result of abuse to research participants in the past Nazis concentration camp experiments The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

axl
Download Presentation

Ethics in research

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ethics in research • Biomedical research ethics came about as a result of abuse to research participants in the past • Nazis concentration camp experiments • The Tuskegee Syphilis Study • Research was often carried out on prisoners, orphans, or mentally ill; many times without the subjects’ knowledge

  2. Ethics in research (cont.) • The Nuremberg Code (1947) • Developed from the Nuremberg Military Tribunals • Had no legal authority (unenforceable) • Only dealt with research on healthy participants • Left the control of research entirely up to scientists

  3. Ethics in research (cont.) • Declaration of Helsinki (1964) • Developed by the World Medical Association to remedy deficiencies of the Nuremberg Code • Has been amended five times, most recently in 2000 • Required medical researchers to clearly define study protocols • Protocols had to be submitted to independent ethical review committees (IRB) for approval

  4. Ethics in research (cont.) • The Belmont Report (1979) • Included 3 principles of research ethics • Autonomy – the principle of respect for persons; especially those with diminished autonomy • Beneficence – supports the well-being of research subjects by maximizing benefits while minimizing harms • Justice – the distribution of the benefits, burdens, and risks of research should be equitable between societal groups

  5. Informed consent • Nuremberg Code • “. . . the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.” • Belmont Report • Respect for research participants • Research subjects must be given the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them

  6. Informed consent (cont.) • Signed informed consent must be obtained from every research participant • However, it is a process, not just a form • The document should be thought of as a teaching tool, not as a legal instrument • The document must be written in “lay language” that is understandable to the people being asked to participate

  7. Informed consent (cont.) • The consent document should explain • The purpose of the research • The benefits and risks • Confidentiality matters • A study contact person if questions arise • That participation is voluntary and subjects have the right to withdraw at any time • How adverse events are dealt with

  8. Chiropractic philosophy and EBC • “The foundation of chiropractic includes philosophy, science, art, knowledge, and clinical experience.” The Chiropractic Paradigm The Association of Chiropractic Colleges • However, many chiropractors have a limited understanding of the concepts of philosophy

  9. Philosophy and EBC (cont.) • Many chiropractors think of philosophy as it relates to their fundamental beliefs and underlying principles about the profession • Thus, one is said to have a philosophy of chiropractic • This perception only comprises a small part of the word’s complete definition

  10. Philosophy definition • The love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral self-discipline • Investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods • The critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs • A set of ideas or beliefs relating to a particular field or activity; an underlying theory • A system of values by which one lives

  11. Philosophy and dogma • A belief system taken to an extreme becomes dogma; defined as • An authoritative principle, belief, or statement of ideas or opinion, especially one considered to be absolutely true • Dogmatic practitioners may be reluctant to acknowledge new information and change their practices in response

  12. Dogmatism • The chiropractic profession at large is plagued with dogmatism that affects both sides of the political fenceSeaman • Dogmatism is the principle barrier to a rational and unifying depiction of the role of chiropractors, as well as the furtherance of chiropractic scienceKeating

  13. The solution for dogmatism • When used effectively, philosophy leads to a willingness to critically examine one’s beliefs • Rather than being dogmatic, one should welcome new (better) evidence and try to incorporate it into patient care

  14. EBC and philosophy are complementary • There are no sacrosanct truths in chiropractic that should never be questioned • Any conceivable chiropractic-related topic should be open for discussion

More Related