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EENG 2710 Chapter 0

EENG 2710 Chapter 0. Introduction. Chapter 0 Homework. None. Computer Generations. 1940’s - Early 1950’s Labeled first generation Vacuum tube computers Late 1950’s Second generation Transistor computers 1960’s – Early 1970’s Third generation Integrated Circuit computers.

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EENG 2710 Chapter 0

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  1. EENG 2710 Chapter 0 Introduction

  2. Chapter 0 Homework None

  3. Computer Generations • 1940’s - Early 1950’s • Labeled first generation • Vacuum tube computers • Late 1950’s • Second generation • Transistor computers • 1960’s – Early 1970’s • Third generation • Integrated Circuit computers

  4. Computer Generations • Late 1970’s – 1980’s • Fourth generation • Very large scale integration (VLSI) computers • Now • Fifth generation ?

  5. Evolution of Intel Computers

  6. Analog vs. Digital • Analog: • A way of representing a physical quantity by a proportional continuous voltage or current. • Digital: • A way of representing a physical quantity in discrete voltage steps.

  7. Analog Electronics • Values are continuously variable between defined values. • Can have any value within a defined range.

  8. Analog Electronics

  9. Periodic Digital Waveforms • A periodic digital waveform is a time-varying sequence of logic HIGHs and LOWs that repeat over some period of time. • Period (T) is the time required for the pattern to repeat. • Frequency (f) is the number of times per second a signal repeats and is the reciprocal of period. • f = 1/T

  10. Periodic Digital Waveforms

  11. Aperiodic Digital Waveforms • An aperiodic digital waveform is a time-varying sequence of logic HIGHs and LOWs that does not repeat.

  12. Aperiodic Digital Waveforms

  13. Waveform Definitions • Time HIGH (th) is the time a logic signal is in its HIGH state. • Time LOW (tl) is the time a logic signal is in its LOW state. • Duty cycle is the ratio of the time a logic signal is HIGH (th) to the period (T).

  14. tl th T Duty Cycle = th/T Duty Cycle

  15. Pulse Waveforms • A pulse is a momentary variation of voltage from one logic level to the opposite level and back again. • Amplitude is the voltage magnitude of a pulse. • Edge is the part of a pulse representing the transition from one logic level to the other.

  16. Pulse Waveforms

  17. Pulse Waveform Characteristics • Rising edge is the transition from LOW to HIGH. • Falling edge is the transition from HIGH to LOW. • Leading edge is the earliest transition. • Falling edge is the latest transition.

  18. Pulse Waveform Characteristics

  19. Pulse Waveform Timing • Pulse width (tw) is the time from the 50% point of the leading edge to the 50% point of the trailing edge. • Rise time is the time from 10% to 90% amplitude of the rising edge. • Fall time is the time from 90% to 10% amplitude of the falling edge.

  20. Pulse Waveform Timing

  21. Transition of Computer Programs Into Machine Language

  22. Digital Electronics • Values can vary only by distinct, or discrete, steps. • Can only have two values.

  23. Digital Logic Levels • Logic HIGH is the higher voltage and represented by binary digit ‘1’. • Logic LOW is the lower voltage and represented by binary digit ‘0’.

  24. Digital Logic Levels 5 V 3.5 V 0.8 V

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