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Turning Points

Turning Points. Throughout history various events have changed the way people have lived.

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Turning Points

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  1. Turning Points Throughout history various events have changed the way people have lived.

  2. These events can be political REVOLUTIONS, social and religious changes, new technologies, or the EXPLORATION of unknown places.  These changes occur in two different fashions, EVOLUTION and revolution.

  3. Evolution is the GRADUAL change or development of something

  4. Revolution is a SUDDEN or abrupt change in something, usually political in nature

  5. Turning Point NEOLITHIC Revolution

  6. Important People • NONE Causes • People needed an easier way of life

  7. Background • Fundamental change in the way people lived • Shift from HUNTING and gathering to FARMING and settled villages • Start of civilizations (around river valleys)

  8. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +Establishment of social classes +developed permanent settlements +Rise of civilizations (Egyptians, Sumerians, Mesopotamians, Indus Valley) +New technologies (calendar, metal tools and weapons)

  9. Turning Point Crusades (HOLY WAR)

  10. Important People • POPE URBAN II Causes Both the Muslims and the Christians wanted control ofJERUSALEM

  11. Background Christians vs. Muslims fighting over Jerusalem (Holy Land) • “Most SUCCESSFUL Failure”

  12. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects -Holy Land was never regained +trade increased +knowledge increased +feudalism decreased

  13. Turning Point Renaissance

  14. Important People • Gutenberg • Machiavelli • Shakespeare • DaVinci • Michelangelo

  15. Causes People began questioning everything and knowledge began to increase

  16. Background • Rebirth of learning • Machiavelli- wrote The Prince • Medici Family- patrons of the arts • Started in Florence, ITALY

  17. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +Revival of art and literature +questioning spirit +knowledge increased +ideas spread

  18. Turning Point Reformation

  19. Important People Martin Luther Johann Tetzel Causes Martin Luther, a priest in the Catholic Church, became angry over how corrupt the RCC was

  20. Background • The break up of the Catholic Church • Protest against the wrong doings of the RCC • sale of INDULGENCES- letters of forgiveness for one’s sins • 95 Theses- list of complaints of the RCC • Luther was excommunicated

  21. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects -religious unity was lost in Europe +took power away from the Catholic Church +Increased the kings power +Catholic Church weakened

  22. Turning Point Exploration- The Columbian Exchange

  23. Important People • Christopher Columbus • Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand Causes Desire for goods increased- Europeans looked for alternate water routes to import goods

  24. Background • Columbian exchange- exchange of goods and people • Raw materials taken from the America’s

  25. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +exchange of different foods +access to new foods allowed the population to grow - exchange of people led to DISEASE -total destruction of the Aztec’s and Inca’s -slavery

  26. Turning Point Scientific Revolution

  27. Important People • Copernicus • Isaac Newton • Galileo Causes Traditional beliefs were being questioned

  28. Background • changed the way people thought about the physical world around them • research based • scientific METHOD

  29. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +heliocentric model- the earth travels around the sun (HELIOCENTRIC MODEL) +telescope (Galileo) +gravity (Newton) +resulted in discoveries in biology, physics, and medicine

  30. Turning Point Enlightenment

  31. Important People • Locke • Montesquieu • Voltaire Causes People began to question the work of government

  32. Background Foundation for democratic ideas • rejected traditional ideas • attempted to explain the purpose of government

  33. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +Locke- natural rights +Montesquieu- separation of powers +Voltaire- freedom of SPEECH +Led to the Glorious Revolution (England), French Revolution

  34. Turning Point French Revolution

  35. Important People • Napoleon • Robespierre • Louis XVI Causes Based on political, social, and economic dissatisfaction of the 3rd Estate

  36. Background • Based on unfair taxation • France separated into 3 Estates • 3rd Estate- largest with fewest rights (least amount of land- heavy taxes)

  37. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +provided an example to other nations to fight for rights +spread democratic ideas +limitations placed on monarchs -many people died during the Reign of Terror

  38. Turning Point Nationalism

  39. Important People • Italy= Mazzini, Cavour. Garibaldi • Germany = Bismarck (Blood & Iron) • Japan = Emperor Meiji (Meiji Restoration) • India = Mohandas Gandhi • Africa = Pan-Africanism • Balkans = different ethnic groups Causes Nationalism is feelings of strong devotion to one's country.  Nationalism develops among people who usually share a common language and history.

  40. Background • Ideas of nationalism were spread by Napoleon and the events of the French Revolution. Sometimes this pride could be excessive in nature.

  41. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects +Nationalism can be an unifying force • Italy and Germany during the late 19th century.  -Or, it can be a dividing force • Balkans during the late 20th century.

  42. Turning Point Industrial Revolution

  43. Important People • Great Britain • Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations: laissez-faire) • Karl Marx (The Communist Manifesto) Causes - Agrarian Revolution - Capital (money) - Technology (steam power) - Natural resources

  44. Background • Many people began living in cities and most of their needs were produced by complex machines using steam power. • Began in Great Britain and spread to Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and Japan. • Fundamental change in the way goods were produced, and altered the way people lived.

  45. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects + Mass production + Big Business, stockholders + Laissez-Faire Economics - Urbanization – overcrowded cities, disease - Unsafe Working Conditions - Middle Class - Imperialism – search for natural resources & raw materials

  46. Turning Point World War II

  47. Important People • Benito Mussolini (Italy) • Adolf Hitler (Germany) Causes Germany, Italy, and Japan tried to build world empires at the expense of others Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

  48. Background • Rise of Fascism: a dictatorial government that is both nationalistic and imperialistic • Severe economic depression • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan • Allies: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union

  49. Negative (-) and Positive (+)Effects + End of colonialism - Beginning of the Nuclear Age (atomic bombs) - Democracy vs. Communism -> Cold War

  50. Turning Point Cold War

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