The Rise of Europe

1. The Rise of Europe The Role of Textiles

2. Medieval Cloth Production • Almost all civilizations produce cloth, a basic consumer good • Primarily small-scale production (some exceptions) • Medieval spinning wheel and improvements • Knitting frame invented in 1598

3. Coveted Goods • Rich and luxurious Arab and Ottoman fabrics—muslins (Mosul), damasks (Damascus), fustians (El-Fustat) • Chinese silks and porcelain (arcanum) • India cotton, kashmir (cashmere), and calicoes • Tastes stimulated global commerce

4. Textiles, ca. 1700 • Indian products carried in Dutch ships • Britain tried to protect domestic industry from Indian textiles • World trade in textiles dominated by Asia and the Middle East • No clear European advantage in styles or production methods

5. Domestic Manufacture • Bypass guild system • Role of cloth merchant • Supplement to agricultural incomes • May have promoted higher birth rate • Family division of labor “Among the manufacturers' houses are likewise scattered an infinite number of cottages or small dwellings, in which dwell the workmen which are employed, the women and children of whom, are always busy carding, spinning, etc. so that no hands being unemployed all can gain their bread, even from the youngest to the ancient; anyone above four years old works.” –Daniel Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724)

6. The Process Ginning and Carding Combing or Fulling Spinning Finishing and Bleaching/ Dyeing Weaving Cottons, wools, worsteds, linens (flax), lace

7. The First Innovations Fly Shuttle—1733 (halved time of weaving) Spinning Jenny—1764 (8 spindles) Water Frame—1771 (first cotton mill) Mule—1779 (combined two technologies) Result: mechanization of spinning

8. Mechanization Power Loom—1785 (problems with weft) Jacquard Loom—1801 (complex patterns) Adoption of factory system

9. Other Industrial Effects • Stimulus to bleaching and dyeing industries • Promoted mechanization in other industries • Watt’s steam engine used in cotton mills • Led to Luddite movement • Promoted urbanization • Formed basis for later corporations • Legislation that protected corporations—Joint Stock Company Act (1844) and Limited Liability Act (1855)

10. Economic Impact Cotton Imported to Britain between 1701 and 1800

11. Economic Impact Cotton Goods Exported by Britain between 1701 to 1800

12. Economic Impact Export of British Cotton Goods, 1784 to 1856

13. Social Effects 1813 2400 looms 150,000 workers 1833 85,000 looms 200,000 workers 1850 224,000 looms >1 M workers • Growth of new classes • Rise of British dominance • Expansion of industry to the continent (often imitating British methods in textiles) • Opposition to mechanization • Environmental, housing, urban, family issues • Reform and revolution • Stimulated growth of slavery (cotton production)

14. The International Balance of Power

15. An Assessment “European textile manufacture trailed much of the rest of the world at the outset of the eighteenth century. Then a series of inventions and the application of mineral power led to the widespread mechanization of the textile industry. Britain led the way, benefitting from a legal and political framework that supported private enterprise, whether through the enclosure acts, intellectual property rights, favorable incorporation laws, or anti-union legislation. Mechanization of textiles stimulated the growth of and set the model for related and other industries. By 1840, Britain—and then other European nations and the United States—garnered an increasing share of world production and trade. Production methods and technologies first applied in textiles allowed Europe by 1900 to extend its economic, technological, and political control to areas of the world that only recently had equaled or surpassed Europe.”