1 / 49

When GQ covers FMD You Know that Society is Engaged

Successes and Challenges of Disease Prevention, Control, and Eradication in Relation to Changing Societal Expectations Using FMD as the Example . “The GQ Phenomenon”. When GQ covers FMD You Know that Society is Engaged. Jan 22, 2002 UK declared free of FMD by OIE. Foot-and-Mouth Disease

adeola
Download Presentation

When GQ covers FMD You Know that Society is Engaged

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Successes and Challenges of Disease Prevention, Control, and Eradication in Relation to Changing Societal Expectations Using FMD as the Example.“The GQ Phenomenon”

  2. When GQ covers FMDYou Know that Society is Engaged

  3. Jan 22, 2002 UK declared free of FMD by OIE Foot-and-Mouth Disease The 2001 Epidemic in the UK “The worst outbreak the world has seen” February 20 – September 30 2001 Paul Gibbs College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Pgibbs@ufl.edu Burnside Farm Index Case Click screen for video

  4. Tourism and FMD in the UK UK tourism: $ 7.5 billion loss? Unemployment: 250,000 jobs lost CBS Dan Rather: welcome “to a new Battle of Britain, which has turned grazing fields into killing fields” • Florida tourism in 2001 • 62 million visitors • 6 million from overseas • 1.5 million from UK

  5. The Landscape of the UK

  6. Closure of the footpaths

  7. Hadrian’s WallA UNESCO Heritage Site Built on the orders of the Emperor Hadrian c. A.D. 122 at the northernmost limits of the Roman province of Britannia, the 118-km-long wall is a striking example of the organization of a military zone. It is a good illustration of the defensive techniques and geopolitical strategies of ancient Rome. http://www.vindolanda.com/

  8. Where FMD was first recognised, but not where it all began! Two photos of FMD lesions in pigs taken on 20 February 2001 at the Little Warley abattoir in Essex, UK, by Craig Kirby DVM. This is when the veterinary authorities were first aware of the possible presence of FMD in the UK. Early reporting of disease at abattoirs emphasises the importance of veterinary surveillance. Tracing of the source began, but it was 3 days before a nationwide ban on animal movements was ordered, during which time the disease was silently spreading

  9. The Index Farm The 2001 Index Farm was traced back to a pig farm in Northern England that fed food waste. The farm was nearly 300 miles away from the abattoir to which the farm had transported pigs. The farmer, Bobby Waugh had failed to report the disease, which had spread to neighboring cattle and sheep (also unreported) prior to the recognition of FMD at the abattoir. A schematic of this series of events is presented as the next slide Burnside Farm, Heddon-on-the-Wall Index Case Little Warley Abattoir, Essex

  10. Burnside Farm: Approx. 600 Pigs being fed waste food by Bobby Waugh

  11. The 2001 FMD Epidemic in the UK Early Events NOTE: Events 1 to 5 Occurred BEFORE FMD was Diagnosed at Slaughter House FMD Infects Cattle Downwind of Pigs 2 & 3 Disease Occurs in Pigs Fed Food Waste 1 Sheep on Same Farm Infected From Cattle 6 FMD Detected in Pigs sent to Slaughter House 5 43 Farms Are “Seeded” The Epidemic Begins 4 Sheep Go To Market Infect Other Sheep Note! This Became an Epidemic Spread by the Marketing of Sheep

  12. FMD Progress of an Epidemic What happened February 20 (first recognition in Essex) to April 11 (the turning point of the epidemic) and thereafter 21 cases Netherlands 2 cases in France 1 case in Eire April 11 June 4 Sept 1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/uk/2001/foot_and_mouth/default.stm http://www.guardian.co.uk/footandmouth

  13. FMD in UK: 2001The epidemic curve of 2030 outbreaks Last Case Sept 30 http://www.maff.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/fmd/default.htm

  14. The Next 9 Slides Review the Important Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Time Out!

  15. FMD in Domestic Species Sheep Pigs Cattle Humans are rarely infected

  16. Pigs are amplifiers, cattle indicators, and sheep silent spreaders FMD: fast moving disease Transmission is by aerosol once fomite and animal movement is controlled Ruminants can become carriers Incubation is 2-14 days Prodromal virus excretion Virus titer 10,000,000 tissue culture infectious doses/ml in vesic. fluid. Aerosol infective dose for cattle ~ 10 tissue culture infectious units Relatively fragile virus; stable for days rather than months Wildlife can become infected Disease in endemic areas very different from disease in highly susceptible livestock Cliff Notes: Epidemiology of FMD http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/A_A010.HTM

  17. How does FMD spread? • Controllable • Through contact with foodstuffs or other things that have been contaminated by infected animals • In the saliva, milk and dung of infected animals • Any person who has attended diseased animals • Tires of vehicles • Not Controllable • On the wind

  18. Burnside Farm: Approx. 600 Pigs being fed waste food by Bobby Waugh

  19. FMD in Cattle, Sheep and Pigs Comparison of Clinical Disease, Viremia, Carrier State and Virus Produced as Aerosol * As assessed by large-volume air sampler.

  20. Susceptibility of cattle, sheep and pigs to infection with FMD virus Cattle are 10 times more susceptible than sheep and 100 times more than pigs Donaldson et al (2001) Vet Rec 148, 602-604

  21. Effect of species and number of animals excreting FMD virus (type O1) on the risk for different species downwind Donaldson et al (2001) Vet Rec 148, 602-604

  22. Airborne Transmission of FMDfrom Burnside Farm Northumberland 2001 Gloster et al. Veterinary Record 152, 525-533 2003

  23. Airborne Transmission of FMDfrom Burnside Farm Northumberland

  24. A Detailed Analysis of FMD Early Spread(Numbers 1,2 & 3 from the previous schematic)How the sheep became infected Abattoir Infection Excretion of virus Clinical Signs Index Pig Farm* Neighbouring Cattle/Sheep* Farm (8 Km downwind of Index Pig Farm where ~90% of 527 pigs had FMD) Legend: Ω = Sheep sent to market; ▼= diagnosis;● = most likely date for this event. Intensity of color = increasing certainty. * Found by veterinarians on trace back not by farmers reporting disease Adapted from Gibbens et al 2001 Vet Rec 149, 729-743

  25. From Schematics to RealityAn Overlay of Events on the UK Map Nationwide standstill on animal movement Feb 23 The blue arrows represent the movement of FMD infected sheep before the recognition of FMD in the abattoir in Essex (43 premises infected) Courtesy Guardian Newspapers follow this link for animation http://www.guardian.co.uk/footandmouth/flash/0,,443772,00.html

  26. The Scale of Sheep Movements • Prestwick farm sold 16 infected sheep at Hexham market on Feb 13 • Two dealers and a local butcher bought the sheep. One dealer then sent 10 sheep for sale to Longtown Market in Cumbria on Feb15. At Longtown from Feb 14 to Feb 23 at least 24,500 sheep were sold to 181 purchasers. Most before FMD was known to be in the country. Anonymous (2001) Vet Rec 148, 286-288

  27. Why was this epidemic so extensive? UK 2001 epidemic affected by • Delay in notification of disease • Delay in ordering nationwide restrictions on animal movement • Difficulty in clinically detecting FMD in sheep • Peak time of year for marketing of sheep and high frequency of sheep movements • Marketing of infected sheep before FMD recognized in country • Large sheep population in UK • Cool weather • Inadequate veterinary force Note: FMD epidemics in non-vaccinated livestock in Europe 1965-1982 showed median of 29 infected premises

  28. Notification Quarantine Diagnosis Movement control 5. Appraisal Slaughter/disposal Disinfection Restocking Sequence of Events under a “Stamping out” Policy for FMD on the Infected Place

  29. “Stamping-out” Policy Extended Beyond the Infected Place(A unique feature of the 2001 Epidemic) • Contiguous premises cull and, in some areas, 3Km pre-emptive cull around infected place • Vaccines were available, but never used • Also extensive closure of the countryside for tourism and large sporting events

  30. Justification for the Extensive Culling • A “firebreak-cull” was put into practice because of • the preponderance of cases within the 3 km zone around infected premises • the lack of veterinary manpower for surveillance cases within the 3 km zone = blue cases beyond the 3 km zone = red

  31. FMD Computer Modeling and Policy The Culling Controversy "The quality of the quantitative data was appalling," said Anderson. "Veterinarians should be taught a little bit of mathematics and statistics."

  32. Welfare : The Cost in Animals But animals were also slaughtered on 7,549 premises because they were either Contiguous Premises/ Dangerous Contacts (7,294 ) or Slaughtered on Suspicion (255) September 30 Total outbreaks 2030 Slaughtered 3,940,000

  33. Politics and FMD Who’s in charge? Should the army have been called in earlier? Tony Blair, Prime Minister, Postponed the general election from early May to June 7 and took control of FMD eradication Jim Scudamore, Chief Veterinary Officer

  34. Where Did it come From?FMD: The World Situation Veterinary Record (2001) 148, 258-259 Saharan Sand? US Geological Survey Theory

  35. Molecular Sleuthing Vaccine strain Comparison of Virus Protein 1 Gene Sequences for type O FMD

  36. Swill Feeding and Illegal Meat Imported to UK • 200 illegal international consignments of meat intercepted in UK per month • 730 tonnes as hand luggage annually • 67 tonnes in containers annually Proposed ban on swill feeding. Fewer than 100 farmers are licensed to feed swill - a tiny fraction of pig farmers in the UK. Only 1% of UK pigs fed swill

  37. Should Vaccine have been Used in the UK?FMD Vaccination: the Facts • inactivated vaccine • two shots necessary • revaccination at 6 months • vaccinates still susceptible • to infection • vaccinates may carry virus • 50 cents per dose • 500,000 doses available

  38. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Deer Roe deer Experimental (1974) Roe deer ?natural FMD Scotland March 2001

  39. Why was this epidemic so extensive? UK 2001 epidemic affected by • Delay in notification of disease • Difficulty in clinically detecting FMD in sheep • Peak time of year for marketing of sheep and high frequency of sheep movements • Marketing of infected sheep before FMD recognized in country • Large sheep population in UK • Cool weather • Inadequate veterinary force Note: FMD epidemics in non-vaccinated livestock in Europe 1965-1982 showed median of 29 infected premises

  40. Issues Raised by FMD Outbreak in UK • Preparedness • Education & communication • Future policy

  41. Summary of Lessons to be learned from the UK and Dutch outbreaks of 2001: • New world order based on global trade • In general, the science was good • For disease control, societal expectations and acceptance are now different from previous epidemics eg 1967/68 epidemic in UK • Media attention can be intense and drive public attitudes • Agriculture as component of GNP and employment less important; farmers should be seen as stewards of the land and its character • Tourism and ecological issues also dictate different approach beyond draconian slaughter • Rapid diagnostics and vaccination policies need to be validated and refined • Wildlife and rare breeds need special consideration

  42. The Previous History of FMD in the USA Emphasizes it Could Happen Again Last Case FMD USA 1929; Canada 1952; Mexico 1953 1880’s to 1908 1914 1924 & 1929 1924

  43. Comparison of the USA and UK

  44. Economic Impact of FMD were it to occur in the USA • Economists posed epidemic similar to UK 2001 and similar policy • US Farm income would drop by $14 billion (9.5%) • Total cost in separate study in California alone is estimated between $8.5 and $13.5 billion • Worst case scenario was $28 billion (1979 $) • Most losses would be through loss of exports Paarlberg et al JAVMA 2002 220: 988-992

  45. USDA APHIS PreparednessUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Service • Ban on all EU imports • Heightened security at ports (40% personnel increase) • Offer of veterinary assistance to UK • Congressional request for additional federal funds and personnel June and October 2001 • Biosecurity strengthened on farms USA has animal health experts in 27 countries and agricultural trade officials in 129 countries

  46. Biosecurity on the farm and in the amusement park

  47. The Future and FMDWhere will the road take us?

  48. Media: Help or Hindrance? http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/in_depth/uk/2001/foot_and_mouth/default.stm “FMD will probably appear here”

  49. CNN Reports

More Related