Cells

1. Cells Development of the Cell Theory Introduction to Cells Organelles Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Cytomembrane System Nucleus

2. Development of the Cell Theory • Cell = “sm chamber” • Cell theory: • All organisms are made of 1cell • Smallest unit of life • Reproduce thru growth & div of cells Several live Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in vitro as viewed through a phase contrast microscope. Visible in the photo are nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria, and the cell boundary defined by the plasma membrane as well as other yet to be identified cellular structures. http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2546338537/

3. Development of the Cell Theory • Microscope Types: • Cmpd light • Limited thickness of sample • 0.2μm 40 - 400X COMPOUND LIGHTMONOCULAR STUDENTBIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE http://www.microscopesupply.com/images/productsnew/0018-f.jpg/

4. Hair Follicle - HumanPhoto Thru 10x EyepieceUnder 10x Objective100x Total Magnification

5. Development of the Cell Theory • Microscope Types: • Transmission e- • Uses magnetic field to guide e- • 0.002μm Transmission electron microscope http://www.surf.nuqe.nagoya-u.ac.jp/nanotubes/apparatus/TEM.jpg

6. TEM image of a mitochondria http://neurocog.psy.tufts.edu/courses/Jan25/mitochondria.jpg

7. Development of the Cell Theory • Microscope Types: • Scanning e- • Coat organism/cell in metal • Beam of e- scanned across an organism • 0.002μm Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) JEOL 6320F. This FE-SEM equipped with a cold field-emission source and in-lens detectors is designed for ultra-high resolution at low accelerating voltage. Compositional mapping by energy-dispersive microscopy and Electron Backscattered Diffraction are available. http://www.nrel.gov/pv/measurements/images/photo_14801.jpg

8. Human Red Blood Cells, Platelets and T-lymphocyte (erythocytes = red; platelets = yellow; T-lymphocyte = light green) (SEM x 9,900) www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2001/clot.htm

9. How to use a scanning electron microscope: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrXMIghANbg

10. Intro to Cells • The cell is the basic unit of life • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/

11. Intro to Cells • 3 characteristics that ALL cells have: • Plasma membrane http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lectures/the_cell/plasma_membrane/PM2.jpg

12. Intro to Cells • 3 characteristics that ALL cells have: • Plasma membrane • DNA region More Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. These in vitro cells have been fixed with formaldehyde and subsequently stained with Hoechst 33258 (bis-benzimide). Hoechst is a florescent dye that penetrates into the nucleus of a cell and binds to DNA. When viewed under a light at a wavelength near 350 nm the dye will emit blue fluorescent light which effectively makes the DNA in the nucleus visible. http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2561140752/in/photostream/

13. Intro to Cells • 3 characteristics that ALL cells have: • Plasma membrane • DNA region • Cytoplasm Figure 2: showing large, polyhedral cells with clear eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to ovoid nucleus (H & E staining, 400X). http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_head_and_neck_surgery/volume_3_number_1_60/article/clear_cell_myoepithelioma_of_the_hard_palate_1.html

14. Intro to Cells • 2 types of cells: • Prokaryotic Prokaryotes are evolutionarily far older and less sophisticated than eukaryotes.  Prokaryotes don't have a true nucleus. http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/prokaryote_1.png

15. Intro to Cells • 2 types of cells: • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic Eukaryotic cell waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams1/diagrams1.html

16. Intro to Cells • Cell size & shape • Large SA/V ratio • aka very small • Too big = lack of easy transport The smaller an object or organism the larger the surface area to volume ratio. The more folds in the surface, the larger the surface area to volume ratio. The above diagram shows this, the solid block has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than a pile of boxes making up a shape the same size. http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch06/06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg

17. Organelles

18. Organelles

19. Organelles • Def: membrane bound compartments that allow specific rxns to take place in certain areas independently and at varying times. Dyes called quantum dots can simultaneously reveal the fine details of many cell structures. Here, the nucleus is blue, a specific protein within the nucleus is pink, mitochondria look yellow, microtubules are green, and actin filaments are red. Someday, the technique may be used for speedy disease diagnosis, DNA testing, or analysis of biological samples. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch1_qdots.jpg

20. Organelles • Nucleus • Contains DNA Nucleus http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

21. Organelles • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Makes lipids • Guide and modify proteins Organised Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum inside a transfected human osteoclast.The image was taken on a Philips CM10 Transmission Electron Microscope, magnification x34,000 http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ims/microscopy/images/competition/3rd.jpg

22. Organelles • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Golgi Body • Finishes modifying proteins • Sorting and shipping Golgi Body http://waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams1/Golgi%20Complex.jpg

23. Organelles • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Golgi Body • Vesicles • Trans/store/digests substances These progesterone treated CHO cells have been stained with Acridine Orange and are viewed through a phase contrast microscope. Acridine Orange is a vital stain and as such must be used on a living cell since metobolic activity is critial to the function of the stain. Upon entering organelles with a low pH such as lysosomes, Acridine Orange becomes protonated and appears orange when viewed under specific light wavelenths. In the nucleus, Acridine Orange attaches to DNA and appears green. http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2611995050/in/photostream/

24. Organelles • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Golgi Body • Vesicles • Mitochondria • Produce ATP Mitochondria are tiny structures that occur in varying shapes cylindrical, spherical, oval, rod shaped etc. They are found distributed all over the cytoplasm. http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/mitochondria-cross-section.jpeg

25. Organelles • Nucleus • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Golgi Body • Vesicles • Mitochondria • Ribosome • Assemble proteins Translation of a protein http://www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/PIX/ribosome.jpg

26. Cytoskeleton • A variety of protein filaments/fibers • Give the cell shape & organization • Can move the cell & organelles In these cells, actin filaments appear light purple, microtubules yellow, and nuclei greenish blue. This image, which has been digitally colored, won first place in the 2003 Nikon Small World Competition.TORSTEN WITTMANN http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

27. Cytoskeleton • 3 classes (sm  lg) • Microfilaments • Intermediate filaments • Microtubules The three fibers of the cytoskeleton–microtubules in blue, intermediate filaments in red, and actin in green–play countless roles in the cell. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

28. Cytoskeleton • 3 classes (sm  lg) • Microfilaments • Actin protein • Chng shape & mvmt • Ex) muscle contraction Microfilaments http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/images/microfilamentsfigure2.jpg

29. Cytoskeleton • 3 classes (sm  lg) • Intermediate filaments • Several proteins • Super strong The rigidity bestowed on cells by intermediate filament networks is especially useful to soft-bodied animals that do not possess an exoskeleton. Because intermediate filaments are very abundant in cells that are often subjected to high mechanical stress in vivo, it appears that their primary role is to provide physical strength to cells and tissues. micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cellsintermediatefilaments/intermedi...ents.html

30. Cytoskeleton • 3 classes (sm  lg) • Microtubules • Tubulin protein • Structural and transport • Centrioles Microtubules are continuously being assembled and disassembled so that tubulin monomers can be transported elsewhere to build microtubules when needed. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg

31. Cytoskeleton • 3 classes http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/MGA2-16/4241_Devo_17.jpg

32. Cytoskeleton • 3 classes http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/cytoskeleton-structures.jpeg

33. Cytoskeleton • Also compose flagellum & cilium. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cilia_flagella.jpg

34. The cytoskeleton: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqbmLiSkpk

35. Plasma Membrane • Fluid mosaic model • Fluid = mvmt of lipids past each other • http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=fluid+mosaic+model&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-892&fr2=tab-img&vid=0001564453212 Fluid mosaic model http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB1-os10.jpg

36. Plasma Membrane • Fluid mosaic model • Fluid = mvmt of lipids past each other • Mosaic = Many proteins and lipids stud the lipid layer Fluid mosaic model http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/fluid_mosaic.jpg

37. Plasma Membrane • Proteins • Enzymes • Transport Proteins • Receptor Proteins • Recognition Proteins • Adhesion Proteins Fluid mosaic model http://teacherweb.com/CA/NogalesHighSchool/mespinoza/fig3fluidmosaicmodel.jpg

38. Cytomembrane System • A series of organelles where lipids are made and proteins are modified. Cytomembrane system http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg

39. Cytomembrane System • Endoplasmic Retiulum • Continuous with cell mem. • 2 types: • Rough • Smooth Transmission electron microscope image of a thin section cut through an area of mammalian lung tissue. This image of a Clara cell shows a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg

40. Cytomembrane System • Golgi body • Finish, sort, and pkg proteins for shipping in vesicles The Golgi apparatus is made from a stack of membranes created by proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. It is the "shipping and packing" center of the cell. Chemicals assembled and acquired from the Endoplasmic Reticulum are placed in a vesicle whose membrane contains target for the chemicals to attach. The Golgie apparatus sends these proteins to their final destination within the cell. http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsstudent/64333/golgi.jpg

41. Cytomembrane System • Vesicles • Tiny mem sacs that move thru the cytoplasm • Ex) lysosome • Ex) peroxisomes Lysosome http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/cell.03/golgi/lysosme%20structure.bmp

42. Protein trafficking: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u38LjCOvDZU&feature=relatedProtein modification:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvfvRgk0MfA&NR=1

43. Nucleus • Boundary containing and protecting DNA Nucleus http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpg

44. Nucleus • Boundary containing and protecting DNA • 3 Parts: • Nuclear envelope Nuclear Envelope showing nuclear pores and underlying nuclear matrix cellbiolo...sw.edu.au/unitsscience/lecture0804.htm

45. Nucleus • Boundary containing and protecting DNA • 3 Parts: • Nuclear envelope • Nucleolus Nucleolus http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCells/Ribosomes.gif

46. Nucleus • Boundary containing and protecting DNA • 3 Parts: • Nuclear envelope • Nucleolus • Chromosomes Y and X chromosomes http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpghttp://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/uploads/pics/X_chromosome.jpg