Chapter 2 The Planting of English America

1. Chapter 2The Planting of English America 1500-1733

2. Ecological Revolution and Imperialistic expansion (1600s) • English crops and livestock revolutionizes the Eastern board of the New World. • Several thousands of African slaves ventured to the Caribbean and Brazil. • Florida to New Mexican territory were in the grips of Spanish imperialism • 3 goals of imperialism • Cultural Superiority • Strengthen Military • Quench thirst for new markets 3 imperialistic powers: Spain (North Central and South America) / English (East Coast) / French (Canada)

3. England v. Spain v. Ireland • No English competition (at first) Turning Point: King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, launching the English Protestant Reformation. Result: Catholics v. Protestants = see-sawed power for years in Europe. Protestant Queen Elizabeth takes the throne in 1558 England = Protestant VS. Spain = Catholicism Ireland (under the English thumb for centuries) teamed up with Spain Result: English troops crushed the Irish uprising

4. Elizabeth energized England • Promotion of English power • Spread Protestantism and collect Spanish riches ($) • Francis Drake (sea dog) = seafarer that made his way around the planet and furnished England with about a 4,600% profit. • Early English attempts to colonize the New World • Sir Walter Raleigh tries to extend the voyage to the New World – sails to Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina / Virginia. Later called the “Lost Colony” • Virginia = “Virgin Queen” = Elizabeth Result: Failure – cannot compete with the Spanish

5. Spanish Armada • Spanish invasion of England with “armada of ships” – Location: English Channel • English Victory – “Protestant Wind”

6. Spanish Armada • Result: England’s victory over the Spanish Armada dampened the Spanish imperialism spirit and helped ensure England’s naval dominance in the North Atlantic and the ability to open the door toward colonization of America

7. English Result of Control • strong, unified national state under a monarch • A measure of religious unity (remember Catholics v. Protestants) (3) Increased “Nationalism” – deep devotion to your country (focus on nation instead of focusing on sectionalism) (4) General curiosity and a thirst for adventure (5) Most powerful navy in the world for the next 300 years (until 1900 – U.S. becomes most powerful as a result of the Spanish American War 1898) (6) Golden Age of Literature (William Shakespeare) (7) Britain and Spain signs a peace treaty

8. English “Enclosure” movement and the joint-stock company Enclosure: fencing in the land Result: Poor people are left out, want to got to America. Primogeniture: first born son inherits father’s land / Landless fathers had landless sons Result: go to America Joint-Stock Company: People invested money in a company in the hopes the company would generate a revenue or profit, thus the share-owner would make money off of the company. True Goal: turn a quick profit Most noted company: Virginia Company King James I (1607) – provided the funds and guidance to English colonist to travel to America. ** Colonist will have the same rights as Englishmen: fuels the success for later independence Result: Jamestown, Virginia was established Problems with Jamestown: Swampy land / Wasted time by looking for gold and not establishing the colony / shipwrecks back and forth. Jamestown needs “ORDER AND DISCIPLINE” – appointment of John Smith “He that will not work, shall not eat!”

11. Jamestown’s Salvation Tobacco: cash crop Negative effects: (1) land butchery (2) boosted economy therefore needed cheap labor / Indentured Servants (white slaves = 7 year span)(African slavery is increased and influenced) (3) ONE CROP *reference “bonanza farming” in the 1800s in U.S. (all eggs in one basket)

12. 1619: Year of Change • House of Burgesses (freeman): first legislative body in America to work out local issues (provides a starting block for independence) • 2 representatives from each settlement in Virginia • First African Slaves were brought to America

13. Maryland: Catholic Haven • Initial motivation: Religious freedom • Haven: safe place for Catholics • Maryland passes the Act of Toleration: guaranteed religious toleration for all Christians, Protestant and Catholic.

14. West Indies (The Caribbean) • Spain and Portugal’s reign in the Caribbean parish as the British begin to colonize Caribbean islands. (Jamaica 1655) • Main cash crop: Sugar *Problems: labor intensive (weather and physically demanding) European perspective on slave labor: work a slave to death, and then get another one Why not Native Americans? Indigenous (pre-Columbus) Indians (90%) died of disease

15. “Slave Codes” • Passed by white plantation owners and law making bodies to restrict the lives of African American slaves. Dictation of African lives were used to “control” possible uprisings! • First slave codes: Barbados Slave Code…extends all the way to South Carolina “seasoning of slaves” – brought to West Indies FIRST (trouble-making slaves) then to North and South America

17. Colonizing the Carolinas Charles I – beheaded and title went to Oliver Cromwell for a 10 year dictatorship Charles II restored order in England and took the throne to start “The Restoration” –English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all controlled by Charles II • Carolina officially began in 1670 and named for Charles II, King of England • Carolina’s success: due to Port of Charleston and the connection to the West Indies for slaves

18. The Emergence of North & South Carolina • “Squatters” – Virginian farmers that literally walked to Carolina and started to farm • 1712 – North and South Carolina were officially split due to • North: more independent • South: wealthier and aristocratic (upper-class) Problem: Whites and Native American troubles

19. White-Native American troubles • Tuscarora Indians attacked in 1711 Results: Carolinians defended themselves brilliantly. Native Americans were sold into slavery. Side note: Some of the Tuscarora travelled to New York to become the 6th tribe of the famous Iroquois Confederacy

20. The Plantation Colonies • Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. • Negative growth: Urban sprawl (growth of cities through the establishment of churches and schools) were slowed due to the layout of the broad land. • Known for “soil butchery” and various confrontations with Native Americans

21. Georgia (Buffer Colony) Purpose of Georgia (1) James Oglethorpe founded Georgia in 1733 and defended GA from Spanish attacks and saved the “Charity Colony” (2) Buffer zone or cushion between British Colonies and Spanish Florida (3) Second chance land (debtors) (4) Dumping ground for English criminals

22. Key Issues: Chapter 1 and 2Positive and Negative Chart • Ice Age • Maize Revolution • Iroquois Confederation • European and Native American Relationship • Treaty of Tordesillas • Encomienda • Black Legend • Ecological Revolution • Imperialism • Spanish Armada • English dominance in Atlantic • Enclosure Movement • Joint-stock company • House of Burgesses • Maryland Haven • Caribbean Sugar Colonies • Slave Codes • English Restoration • Emergence of North and South Carolina • Tuscarora Indian battle • Emergence Planataion Colonies • Georgia as a “buffer”