English Colonization: From Religious Conflicts to Prosperity

1. ThePlantingof EnglishAmerica CHAPTER 2

2. Objectives • Explain why England was slow to enter the colonization race and what factors finally led it to launch colonies in the early seventeenth century. • Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity. • Describe the cultural and social interactions and exchange between English settlers and Indians in Virginia and the effects of the Virginians’ policy of warfare and forced removal on Indians and whites.

3. Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17th century

4. England's Imperial Stirrings • England was not match for Spain in the 1500s. • Little interest in establishing colonies overseas. • Religious conflicts caused disruption. • Protestant Reformation • Elizabeth I (Protestant) 1558 • Caused tension with Catholic Spain • Catholic Ireland sought help from Spain to overthrow the English rule. • English soldiers crush any uprisings in Ireland throughout the 1570s and 1580s. • Confiscated Irish lands and placed Protestant landlords in charge of them. • English soldiers stationed in Ireland developed a contempt for the people that will be brought with them to the New World.

5. WYNTK… • Protestantism finally gained permanence in England once Queen Elizabeth I began her reign. • English soldiers at home and abroad in Ireland showed contempt toward them due to their Catholicism. That same contemptuous attitude will be shown to the natives once in the new world. • England’s politics and foreign policy in the 16th C was primarily shaped by its religious rivalry with Spain.

6. Elizabeth Energizes England English buccaneers sailed west to promote their faith. Plundered Spanish ships and settlements. “Sea Dogs”- Sir Francis Drake Provided money to his financial backers, including the Queen. Sir Walter Raleigh Organized and expedition that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island. Mysteriously vanished. Failed English settlements contrasted with successful Spain. Philip II of Spain wanted to invade England with his large navy, the Spanish Armada. 1588, 130 Spanish ships made their way into the English Channel. The sea dogs fought back using English ships that were quicker and more maneuverable. A devastating storm developed and crippled the Spanish fleet. “Protestant Wind”

8. Horrible Histories- Spanish Armada

9. Sir Walter Raleigh

10. Elizabeth Energizes England • The collapse of the Spanish Armada signaled the end of Spain’s imperial dreams. • The Netherlands gained their independence as well as parts of the Caribbean. • England now had many characteristics that Spain once displayed. • Large navy • Strong, unified national state • Popular monarchy • Sense of nationalism and destiny • England and Spain signed a peace treaty in 1604.

11. WYNTK… • England’s first attempts at colonizing were not successful. • England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada is important to North American colonization because it allowed England to control the sea lanes to and from the new world (east coast of U.S.) • Also gave England an increased sense of nationalism. • Spain’s empire began to decline with the defeat of the Armada.

12. Elizabeth Energizes England • English literature bloomed at this time. • William Shakespeare made references to England’s American colonies. • England’s “scepter’d isle” The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act 1, scene 3 FALSTAFF: “I will be cheater to them both, and they shall be exchequers to me; they shall be my East and West Indies, and I will trade to them both.”

13. England on the Eve of Empire • As the 17th century began, England experienced a population boom. • An increase of 1 million in 50 years. • Enclosure= Landlords on English countryside farms enclosing their land for sheep grazing, forcing small farmers onto even smaller farms on out of a farm altogether. • Included the woolen districts of East and Western England. • Large population of Puritans • Chronically unemployed, drifting around the country • England was burdened with a “surplus population”

15. WYNTK… • Disinherited younger sons and upper-class gentry were the two groups eager to join colonizing ventures since they were driven off their lands by enclosure. • At the time of England’s initial colonizing efforts, it was undergoing rapid and disruptive economic and social transformations.

16. Law of Primogeniture = oldest sons are eligible to inherit land estates. • This meant that younger sons were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere. • Raleigh, Drake

17. Joint-stock company • Forerunner of the modern corporation • Investors pooled their capital ($)

18. WYNTK… • The original purpose of the Virginia Company (J-S co) was to make a profit for investors.

19. Timing was perfect • Peace with Spain • Population growth provided workers • Joint-stock companies provided money • Motives • Unemployment • Adventure • Religious freedom

20. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • Virginia Company of London • J-S company • Received a charter from King James I for a settlement • Charter= Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a state purpose, and spelling out the rights and obligations. • British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists’ ties to Britain during the early years of settlement. • Wanted to find a passage through the Americas to the Indies • Was only intended to last for a few years before investors liquidated profits • Pressured colonists to strike it rich

21. The Virginia Company set sail in 1606 with 3 ships • Landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, where Indians attacked them. • They pushed further up the bay, choosing a location on the heavily wooded but mosquito filled banks of the James River. • The river was named after King James I. • The site was easy to defend. • Mosquitos=malaria • The men disembarked their ships and started the settlement known as Jamestown.

22. Powhatan Confederacy in 1607

23. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

24. Jamestown Colonization Pattern:1620-1660

25. Jamestown proved to be a nightmare. • 40 colonists died during the initial voyage in 1606-1607. • The 1609 expedition lost both its leaders and supplies during a shipwreck off of Bermuda. • Once ashore, settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation. • The surrounding woods and waters offered food but many settlers were concerned with finding gold. • Colonists were driven to eat dogs, cats, rats, mice, and even corpses. • One man killed his wife and ate her, which he was executed for. • Winter of 1609-1610, known as the “starving time” • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%

26. WYNTK… • The survival rate of colonists in Jamestown’s first two decades was less than 20%.

27. Jamestown saved by Captain John Smith. • Took over the colony in 1608. • He whipped the gold-hungry colonists into shape with discipline. • “He who shall not work shall not eat.” • Smith was kidnapped in December, 1607 and subjected to torture by local Indian chief, Powhatan, • Pocohantas, Powhatan’s daughter, “saved” Smith by intervening. • She became an intermediary between the colonists and the Indians. V

28. New Governor= Lord De La Warr • Imposed harsh, military regime • Aggressive military action against Indians

29. Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake • Powhatan Confederacy

30. PowhatanIndian Village

31. First Anglo-Powhatan War • Lord De La Warr used “Irish tactics” against Indians. • He was a veteran of the vicious campaigns against the Irish. • Troops raided villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. • Peace settlement ended the war in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas and colonist John Rolfe. • First known interracial union in Virginia. • Natives were angry and food stealing colonists and ravaged by disease. • They struck back in 1622. • A series of attacks left 347 colonists dead, including Rolfe. • Periodic, punitive raids systematically reduced the Indian population. • Allowed colonists to move further west.

32. Powhatan Uprisingof 1622

33. Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644 • Peace treaty of 1646 repudiated any thoughts of assimilating the Indians into Virginian society. • Excluded an option of peaceful coexistence. • Banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. • 1669 census showed only 2,000 Indians remained in Virginia • 10% of original population • Powhatan peoples fell victim to the 3 D’s: disease, disorganization, and disposability.

35. WYNTK… • Virginia’s leaders did not promote a policy of peaceful assimilation of the Indians. • The English policy was to defeat Indians militarily and drive them onto separated territory. • There was also little intermarriage. • Jamestown was saved from failure by: • John Smith’s leadership. • John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco.

36. The Indian’s New World • Indians took to horses, usually stolen, strayed, or purchased from Spanish. • Horses caused migration into the Great Plains region. • Sioux adopted a way of life as mounted, nomadic, buffalo hunters. • Disease • Extinguished entire cultures. • Epidemics often robbed tribes of elders who preserved the oral traditions that held clans together. • Commerce • Decline of barter networks. • Firearms were purchased from Europeans. • Intensified competition among tribes for access to prime hunting grounds that could supply furs that Europeans traded for. • Escalating cycle of Indian-on-Indian violence.

37. The Indian’s New World The Indians’ New World • Indians along the Atlantic seaboard felt the most ferocious effects. • Algonquins, near the Great Lakes, became a substantial regional power. • They increased their population by absorbing various surrounding bands, increasing their strength in numbers. • Creating a middle ground where both Europeans and Native Americans were compelled to accommodate to one another.

38. Virginia: Child of Tobacco • John Rolfe = father of tobacco and economic savior of Jamestown. • 1612- perfected methods of raising and curing the crop, eliminating most of the bitterness. • Increased the demand for tobacco in Europe. • Crops were planted in streets and in between graves. • The need for more land, edging out more Native Americans. • Tobacco = more land = plantation system = slave labor or servitude. • Most colonists at first had a difficult time purchasing slaves. • By 1650, Virginia counted 300, or 14% of the population.

39. WYNTK… • Jamestown was saved from failure by: • John Smith’s leadership. • John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco.

40. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • The system in which indentured servants were brought to the colonies. • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indentured Servant Contracts: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

43. Virginia: Child of Tobacco Virginia: Child of Tobacco • Representative self-government, 1619 • The Virginia Company authorized the settlers to establish an assembly, known as the House of Burgesses. • James I grew hostile toward Virginia. • He hated tobacco • Distrusted the House of Burgesses. • He revoked the charter in 1624 • The Virginia Company was bankrupt • Made it a royal colony directly under his control

44. Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17th century, H of B was able to initiate legislation. • A council appointed by royal governor • Mainly leading planters. • Functions like House of Lords. • High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

45. VirginiaHouse of Burgesses

46. WYNTK… • Representative government was first introduced to the Americas in the colony of Virginia.

47. REVIEW

48. WYNTK… • England’s start of colonization: • England’s victory over the Spanish Armada helped to ensure England’s naval dominance in the Atlantic Ocean. • England’s victory over the Armada started England on its way to becoming master of all the oceans. • England had a strong, unified national state under Queen Elizabeth, who was popular. • England had a sense of nationalism and national destiny. • Initial attempts at colonization are considered failures: • Newfoundland • Roanoke

49. WYNTK… • Push and Pull factors • PUSH = • Restlessness • Curiosity • Adventure • Self-confidence, sense of nationalism, patriotism. • Popular monarchy • Large population boom • Enclosure Unemployment • Law of primogeniture • Religious Persecution • PULL = • Capital or investment • Potential profit • Religious Freedom • Religious conversion to some extent

50. WYNTK… • PUSH factor groups: • Disinherited younger sons • Casualties of enclosure or unemployment