The Planting of English America

1. The Planting of English America AP US History Mr. Long

2. England’s Imperial Stirrings • England has stayed out of Spain’s way up to this point (1600) • Allies • Protestant Reformation (1530’s) ends this when Queen Elizabeth I takes the throne. (Unity) • Now they are Religious Rivals http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html

3. Queen Elizabeth I Energizes England • Encourages Sir Francis Drake to loot Spanish ships = profit for England. • Knights him on the deck of looted Spanish vessel under protest. • Wants to bring religious unity=Protestantism http://www.reformation.org/sir-francis-drake.html

4. Queen Elizabeth I Energizes England • Spanish Armada- 1588 Phillip II of Spain used imperial gains from New World to build “Invincible Armada” of ships for invasion of England. • Destroyed by smaller/faster English vessels • New World politics shift: England Spain • England now has the characteristics to succeed in the New World • Unified nation-state under popular monarch • Measure of religious unity • Sense of nationalism http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/128163/Drawing-or-engraving-showing-the-Spanish-Armada-July-1588

5. England on Eve of Empire • Why was England ready to become a New World Empire? • Population Boom • 3 million people in 1550 4 million in 1600 = workers • Crop lands enclosed for sheep grazing = less work for small farmers = motivation • Economic Depression in wool trade (late 1500’s) = workers/motives • Laws of primogeniture • Only oldest sons allowed to inherit land estates • Peace with Spain after Spanish Armada = opportunity • Joint stock companies form =financial means

6. English Settlements of the New World • Two Early Failures = Roanoke and Newfoundland • Jamestown- founded by the Virginia Company of London (1607) • Used Virginia Model = profit model • 140 Settlers • Not Organized due to mindset • Only 38 survived first winter • John Smith- 1608 brought leadership to the colony • “He who shall not work shall not eat” • Peaceful relations w/ the Indians (Powhatan=chief, Pocahontas)

7. Cultural Clashes in Chesapeake • 1st Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614) • Cause: English raided Indian food supplies, Virginia Company ordered Lord De La Warr to attack. • Result: Peace sealed by marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe • 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) • Cause: Same as the 1st. Last effort by Indians to dislodge English. • Result: Peace treaty of 1646. Banned Indians from ancestral lands separating them from whites (origins of reservation system)

8. Cultural Clashes in Chesapeake • Indians fell victim to the THREE D’s • Disease- natives were vary susceptible to new disease • Disorganization- lacked unity as a whole compared to military minded English • Disposability- The Indians served no economic function to the settlers • SETTLERS WANTED LAND AND INDIANS JUST GOT IN THE WAY!!

9. The Indians “New World” • Characteristics of the “New World” Indians now faced. • Long history disrupted by the European colonization of the New World • Powhatan’s fate foreshadowed that of all native peoples (no adaptation) • Disease = biggest disrupter (killed oral tradition of elders) • Trade- firearms were such a big advantage • This leads to Indian v Indian warfare for prime hunting grounds to trade with Europeans. • Indians wanted European goods.

10. Colonies in the New World • Virginia: Child of Tobacco • Founded in 1607 (Jamestown) • John Rolfe-Father of tobacco and real savior of New World economy. • European demand (colonists need more land to fill demand) • Negatives: • Bad for soil, fluctating price of crops, promoted plantation system • 1619 First African slaves are brought to America (Very expensive) • House of Burgesses • Representative Government • James I grew hostile and revoked Virginia’s charter making it a royal colony in 1624. WHY?

11. Colonies in the New World • Maryland: Catholic Haven • Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore • Reasons: Financial profit, create refuge for Catholics • Land owners = Catholic: surrounded by poor resentful farmers (Protestant) • Tobacco= cash crop: led to prosperity • Labor = white indentured servants • Acts of Toleration (1649): provided Catholics with toleration when surrounded by Protestants but death to those who denied divinity of Jesus. • For Jews/Atheist’s = less toleration then before

12. Colonies of the New World • West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America • English began to settle while Spain was distracted by Dutch rebellion (begin to see a power shift) • Sugar was the economic foundation • Difference: Sugar is a rich man’s crop and tobacco is a poor man’s • Sugar requires a lot of labor = slaves (land clearing/refining) • Barbados Slave Code- brought about to control slaves (4:1 ratio) in 1661. Allowed vicious punishments • In 1670 a group of small farmers settled in Carolina and brought slaves and codes. (Plantation System)

13. Colonies of the New World • Carolina’s • Founded in 1670 • Reason: hoped to provide foodstuffs to sugar plantations in West Indies • Economics: • Rice • Rice promoted slavery b/c Africans grew rice and immunity to malaria. • Indian Slave Trade (10,000) • Carolina’s were often in conflict from Spain (Florida) or Indians in the area.

14. Colonies of the New World • North Carolina • Officially Founded in 1712 • Located between aristocratic Virginia and S.C • First inhabited by discontent small farmers from Virginia (squatters) • Tired of aristocratic families • Characterized by bloody relations with Indians • Tuscarora War (1711)- Carolina’s defeated the Tuscarora Tribe (6th member of the Iroquois Confederacy) • By 1720 nearly all costal Indian tribes had been devastated • Features of N. C • Most Democratic of Southern States • Independent Minded • Least Aristocratic

15. Colonies of the New World • Georgia: Buffer Colony • Founded in 1733 as a buffer between Spanish Florida, French Louisiana and the profitable S.C by James Oglethorpe • Characteristics: • Debtors prison (English sent convicts here) • No Slavery at first (1750) • Not very successful due to many factors • Climate • No plantation economy • Spanish Attacks • Small population

16. Plantation Colonies • Characteristics of the Plantation Colonies (Similarities) • Exported Agricultural Products (Tobacco, Rice) • Slavery (Georgia in 1750) • Land controlled by few (N.C small exception) • Cities slow to grow due to spread out society (plantations) • Church of England is Dominant (Supported through tax) • Profit based society

17. Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700 AP US HISTORY Mr. Long

18. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • Protestant Reformation- a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Ulricht Zwingli

19. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • Martin Luther- German priest who on Oct 31, 1517 posted the 95 thesis in Wittenberg, Germany. • He declared that the Bible alone was the source of God’s word, thereby denouncing Priests and Popes. • He wanted to reform the church not separate from it. • Reformation sweeps across Europe for more then a century. This helps shape the new nation in the New World (Toleration!)

20. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • John Calvin- reformer from Geneva, Switzerland • Calvanism- became the dominant theology of New England Puritans and many other American settlers. • Institute of Christian Religion- 1536 • God is all powerful and all good • Humans are weak and wicked due to original sin • Predestination- God knows who is going to Heaven already • No one could be certain of their status. • Conversion/signs of conversion

21. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • T -- total depravity. This doesn't mean people are as bad as they can be. It means that sin is in every part of one's being, including the mind and will, so that a man cannot save himself. • U -- unconditional election. God chooses to save people unconditionally; that is, they are not chosen on the basis of their own merit. • L -- limited atonement. The sacrifice of Christ on the cross was for the purpose of saving the elect. • I -- irresistible grace. When God has chosen to save someone, He will. • P -- perseverance of the saints. Those people God chooses cannot lose their salvation; they will continue to believe. If they fall away, it will be only for a time.

22. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • Why was the Protestant Reformation a big issue for James I of England? • Protestants wanted to separate from the Church of England • If subjects could defy him as spiritual leader they might as political as well. • Harsh treatment of Protestants = search for religious toleration • Why did Calvinism appeal to the poor? • It gave people hope of a divine plan in their lives

24. Pilgrims end Pilgrimage at Plymouth • Pilgrims- most famous group of separatists • Left England for Holland in 1608 • Received charter from Virginia Company in 1620 • Landed in N.E on the Mayflower (102 people). Way Off Target • Settled at Plymouth Rock (Legal Right?)

25. Pilgrims end Pilgrimage at Plymouth • Mayflower Compact-simple agreement to form crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. • Not a constitution but laid groundwork for self-government • William Bradford- Leader of Pilgrims, a self taught scholar. • Worried other colonies would corrupt this “Godly experiment in the wilderness” • Utopian Society (Communal) • 44 survived first winter. Great harvest in fall of 1621 (Thanksgiving) • Beaver and the Bible

26. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth • Massachusetts Bay Colony- 1630 Chartered by Mass. Bay Company to est. sizable (1000) settlement in Mass. • Non-Separatist Puritans • John Winthrop- leader of MBC, first governor • “We shall be a city on a hill” • They believed they were a providential colony chosen by God to be a model for humankind (shared sense of purpose) • Skilled/Educated men helped propel colony to forefront of New World Colonies. (Eternal Focus)

27. Building the Bay Colony • Society is based on small town and church (Congregational Church) How does this differ from south? • All freeman adult males (Church members) could vote • Town government = landholding males could vote • Not a Democracy • Clergy held tremendous amount of power in colony • Not untouchable: could be dismissed, wage set by congregation, you could not hold political office. • Puritans were burned to often by Anglican’s holding office in England.

28. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth • Puritans were not very tolerant of other religions (Ex; Quakers-fined, flogged/banished and hung) • Anne Hutchinson- challenged Puritan orthodoxy • Antinomianism- holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not obey either the law of God or man. • This is heresy to Puritans. • Brought to trial in 1638 and banished to NY so she didn’t pollute the holy Puritan experiment.

29. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth • Roger Williams- Salem minister, very radical separatist • Thought the MBC Charter was illegal (no compensation to Indians for land) • Denied the right of civil gov. to regulate religious behavior. • He is banished in 1635 to Rhode Island • Rhode Island- “sewer of the Lord’s debris” • Williams built first church in 1636 • State very liberal, complete religious freedom (Jews, Catholics, Quakers) • Gained charter by 1644 from Parliament

30. New England Spreads Out • Connecticut • Harford founded in 1635 “Connecticut River Colony” • 1639 drafted the Fundamental Orders = modern constitution. • Created a regime democratically controlled by “substantial” citizens. • New Haven- 1638 • Fell into disfavor with Charles II • 1662 he gave charter to Connecticut, merging New Haven with Connecticut Valley Colonies.

31. New England Spreads Out • Maine • Economy: fishing and trade • Sir Ferdinando Gorges made a failed attempt to colonize in 1623, eventually absorbed by MBC w/ purchase in 1677. • New Hampshire • Economy: Fish and Trade • Absorbed by MBC in 1641 under their interpretation of their charter. • King separated it from MBC in 1679 and made it a royal colony. • Punishment for greed of MBC

32. Puritans v. Indians • Relations are hostile w/ all the movement of settlers • Indians had no choice but to befriend settlers at first (weak) • Wampanoag tribe signed treaty in 1621 (1st Thanksgiving) • More settlers = need for more land = more hostile relations

33. Puritans v. Indians • Pequot War-1637 English attacked a Pequot village; annihilated the tribe leading to 4 decades of unrest with Indians. • King Philip’s War- Metacom gathered an alliance of Indian tribes in NE and coordinated assaults on English villages. • Ended in 1676 (52 towns attacked, 12 destroyed, hundreds dead) • Metacom beheaded/quartered and head mounted in Plymouth • Wife and son sold into slavery • RESULT: Slow English moving west for decades, defeated NE Indians forever (to few in number)

34. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence • New England Confederation • 1643 four colonies banded together (MBC, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut Valley) • Purpose: Defense against foes or potential foes • Each Member got two votes (Democracy) • Significance: first milestone towards colonial unity

35. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence • How did this Happen? • English did not take active role in the beginning years of planting colonies which led to semiautonomous commonwealths. • English Civil Wars distracted England and forced colonies to survive by themselves • Charles II (CoE) restored in 1660- wants to take active role • Gave Connecticut and Rhode Island new royal charters in 1662 • Revoked charter to MBC in 1684

36. English Stronghold…To Late? • Dominion of New England (1686) • Took power from colonies (NE Confed) and gave it to London • Purpose: protection, to enforce the Navigation Laws • Result: Increased smuggling and bitterness towards England • Failure of Dominion of NE • Glorious “Bloodless” Revolution • England 1688-1689 people dethroned James II and enthroned protestant ruler William III and Mary II. • Significance to colonies = Proves Colonial Revolution Possible • Dominion crumbles when news of GR reaches America.

37. Good for Colonies MBC got royal charter back Salutary neglect Navigation Laws not enforced = colonial trade back Colonial unrest formed Lasting Effects of Charles II Many officials remained (judges, etc) Blocked the rise of local leaders Mounting contempt grew in colonies toward England English Stronghold…To Late?

38. Middle Colonies • New Netherlands (NY) • Henry Hudson- 1609 sailed up Hudson River and laid claims to great woodland/watered area for Dutch. • Founded in 1623-24 by Dutch West India Company • Economics: profit from fur trade (quick) • This is a secondary commercial interest for the Dutch (East India) • New Amsterdam • Company town for DWIC, built for financial gain not religion • Very aristocratic (not democratic) • Patroonships- land granted to promoters who brought 50 settlers to land. “feudal system” along Hudson River • Melting Pot- (18 languages) like most seaports

39. Middle Colonies • English take New Netherlands • English saw Dutch as intruders • 1664 Charles II grants area to his brother (Duke of York) • Dutch are weak in population (1/2 of NE immigrants) • Secondary commercial interest for Dutch • Dutch surrender w/o shot being fired! • English Gain • Great Harbor • Located in the middle of mainland colonies • River that penetrates inland (Hudson) • English own land from Maine-Carolina • NY stays very aristocratic and due to governor land grants

40. Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania • Quakers- arose in England during 1600’s “Religious Society of Friends” • Quaked under deep religious emotion • Offensive to religious/civil authorities in England • William Penn- attracted to faith in 1660 against fathers will. • Secured an immense land grant in 1681 due to debt owed his father by the crown. • Advertised the colony well (truthfully) • Wanted skilled labors • Encouraged substantial land holdings = heavy flow of immigrants

41. Middle Colonies • Pennsylvania Cont’d • Philadelphia “Brotherly Love” • Very carefully planned • Treated Indians kindly • Liberal representative assembly elected by landowners • Freedom of worship • No voting for jews/catholics per England • Dislike of slavery • Blue Laws- prohibited ungodly acts (cards, plays, dice, games, excessive hilarity) • Colony attracted many due to such benefits • Philadelphia grew fast • By 1700 only Virginia/Mass had bigger population

42. Middle Way for Middle Colonies • Middle Colonies = NY, PA, NJ, Del • Similarities • Fertile Soil- “Bread Colonies”, heavy grain export • Rivers played a key role (Susq, Delaware, Hudson) • Access to fur trade in interior, water wheel power for milling (grain) and manufacturing • Industry (fewer then NE but more then South) • Landlocked harbors of NY and PA = increase commerce • Population- ethnically mixed • Religious Toleration • More Democratic control (except NY)

43. Remember… • England is still very hands off in colonies • They have their own local gov, run own churches, develop neo-colonial trade • Colonies not just surviving: They are THRIVING!!