Unit VII. Between the Wars

1. Unit VII. Between the Wars

2. A. Global Political Change

3. A. Global Political Change 1. Collapse of Empires a. Break-up of Austria-Hungary *As a result of the war, the gov’t in Austria-Hungary collapsed *Several new nations were created out of the former empire b. Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire *Collapsed in 1918 *Most of the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire were placed under the control of Britain and France -Territories were being prepared for self-determination, however, the Allies added to their own overseas empires -What remained of the empire became the nation of Turkey

4. A. Global Political Change (cont’d) 2. Unfulfilled National Goals a. Many nations were dissatisfied with the results of WWI b. Various groups felt that their goals had not been achieved:

5. A. Global Political Change (cont’d) 3. National Movements a. Turkish Nationalism *Mustafa Kemal was a general and a war hero in Turkey -After WWI he led a Turkish nationalist movement -Overthrew the sultan, defeated western occupation forces and declared Turkey a republic -Called himself Kemal Atatürk, meaning “Father of theTurks” *Westernization and Modernization of Turkey - Atatürk believed that Turkey had to change to survive: •replaced many traditional Islamic customs with modernized Western ways •state schools were opened; used Latin alphabet over Arabic •women no longer had to wear veils; they could vote and work •Turkey was industrialized (roads, railways, factories)

6. A. Global Political Change (cont’d) 3. National Movements (cont’d) b. Iranian Nationalism *British had carved out spheres of influence in Iran *In 1925, Reza Khan, an army officer, overthrew the shah -He set up his own dynasty and proclaimed himself shah -He quickly tried to westernize and modernize Iran to make it autonomous •similar reforms to Turkey c. Arab Nationalism *During WWI, many Arabs had helped the Allies for the promise of independence *After the war, however, Britain and France divided up Ottoman lands amongst themselves -created Mandates •France: Syria and Lebanon •Britain: Palestine and Iraq *1920’s & 1930’s, Arab nationalists sought to achieve self-determination -gave rise to Pan-Arabism

7. A. Global Political Change (cont’d) 3. National Movements (cont’d) d. Zionism: arose in the 1890’s in Europe and the Mid-East *Jewish peoples wanted a Jewish state in Palestine *Complex situation: -Arab peoples were already living there -More and more Jews moved to Palestine to escape persecution in the 1930’s, increasing tensions -Allies had promised region to both e. Indian Nationalism *Britain had promised India greater self-gov’t -Britain did not fulfill these promised after the war *The Amritsar Massacre -When a large group of Indians assembled in April, 1919, British troops opened fire, killing 400 and wounding 1,200. *Mohandas Gandhi -1920’s -30’s: headed the Indian nationalist movement •taught non-violent resistance and civil-disobedience to win rights •he used tactics like boycotting and peaceful demonstrations •embraced western democracy, rejected the caste system

8. A. Global Political Change (cont’d) 3. National Movements (cont’d) f. Chinese Nationalism *China was in great disorder during and after WWI *After Sun Yat-Senfounder of the Chinese Republic, stepped down, rival warlords fought for power -The economy collapsed; foreign powers (Japan) increased their influence over China *Rival groups in China -Nationalists (Kuomintang) and Jiang Jieshi •took over China’s gov’t •militaristic and supported by urban upper class -Communists and Mao Zedong •focused on the peasants •wanted to reform China -At first they worked together to unite China against the Japanese, but over time Jiang Jieshi began to see the Communists as a threat •civil war broke out and would last for the next 22 years