Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction 1865-1876

2. Aftermath of the War South is in ruins Sherman’s march to the Sea/Grant’s Virginia campaign Southern economy destroyed Wealthy planters bankrupted by the war European demand for cotton met elsewhere Confederate dollars worthless Many Southern slaves had been given their freedom Southern states occupied by Union army Questions to Answer for the North Slavery-What to do with current and former slaves? How to restore the Union? Should the South be punished for secession?

5. Lincoln’s Plan Reconstruction begins before the war ends By 1863, Union armies controlled much of the South Lincoln hoped to restore the Southern states to the Union peacefully Lincoln’s view conflicted with Republican members of Congress who hoped to punish the South (Radical Reps) 10% Plan (Proposed by Lincoln) 10% of a state’s voting population pledged loyalty to the Union (using 1860 election totals) Once they met quota states could hold elections and rejoin the Union Generous pardon were given to all but the highest ranking Confederates

6. Reaction to Lincoln’s Plan Plan did not go far enough for Radical Republicans Proposed tougher Wade Davis Bill Required an “ironclad” oath (never were disloyal) Attempted to give control to black voters Lincoln “pocket” vetoed the bill Lincoln is assassinated April 14, 1865 Replaced by Vice President Andrew Johnson Congress hoped that Johnson would be tougher on the South They’re wrong--Johnson follows Lincoln’s path

8. Why did Radical Republicans want to give political power to black voters?

9. Johnson’s Plan Johnson former Democrat, former slave holder believed white men should continue to run the South Johnson favored giving power to yeoman farmers in the South Plan for readmission only slightly tougher than Lincoln’s Forced wealthy land owners and former Confederate officials to apply directly to the President for pardons Pardoned many major Confederate figures Forced Southern states to repudiate Confederate debt States had to ratify 13th amendment to rejoin union 13th—Abolishes slavery Johnson’s Plan and subsequent vetoes of Congressional Reconstruction Plans made him many enemies in Congress

10. Congressional Reconstruction Radical Republicans were committed to crippling the South politically Created Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Assisted former slaves Passed the 13th Amendment banning slavery Angry at Johnson’s plan and Southern action (black codes), proposed stronger legislation Civil Rights Act of 1865 Extended the power of Freedmen’s Bureau Vetoed by Johnson and overridden by Congress Proposed 14th Amendment Defined citizenship and protected that right Punished former Confederates

12. Congressional Reconstruction Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 Passed over Johnson’s veto Divided South into military districts Each run by a military general with dictatorial powers To be “readmitted” to the Union: States drafted Constitution granting black suffrage Ratified the 14th Amendment/Later 15th Amendment Congress passed Army Act and Tenure of Office Act to prevent Johnson from interfering with their plans Johnson violated Tenure of Office Act Fired radical Secretary of War Edwin Stanton Impeached by Congress Removal fails by a single vote

15. Although the Senate had enough votes to remove Johnson they fail to do so. Why do you think some Republican Senators reconsidered?

16. Grant as President Elected narrowly as a Republican in 1868 & again in 1872 Secures passage of the 15th Amendment Prevents voting discrimination based on race Quickly dismantled by Southern laws Grant’s administration is filled with scandal and corruption Routinely placed trust in dishonest men “Black Friday” scandal Whiskey Ring Credit Moblier Grant also faced economic woes (Panic of 1873) Unstable paper money Over expansion in post war climate Demonetization of silver

18. Election of 1876 By 1876, all but three Southern states had been “redeemed” Northern Democrat Tilden vs. Republican Hayes “Waving the bloody shirt” has lost most of its impact Tilden wins the election narrowly Fails to get necessary electoral votes 20 electoral votes came from occupied South Election is disputed on both sides Congress creates a special commission to decide matter Republican manipulated the commission Both sides struck a compromise Republicans got Hayes elected Democrats secured an end to Reconstruction

19. Net Results of Reconstruction Union finally restored by 1876 Reconstruction did little to diminish sectionalism Destruction of the Southern economy will create change, but slowly Northern war strategies and Republican reconstruction measures create lasting animosity Democrats will be the party of the South for next 100 years Former slaves had little opportunity to change their status Many become sharecroppers Black representatives reach Congress (Hiram Revels) Anti-black groups form in the South to resist growing black rights (Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camelia) Supreme Court overturned civil rights cases

23. History is usually categorized from 1607-1776 and from 1776-1876. The next period will focus on modern American history 1876-Present. Why these breakdowns and what will happen next?

24. Journal • To what extent did Reconstruction amount to a second Revolution in America?